Chapter 39 Locative Case

Place To show motion towards: ad + accusative To show motion away from: ex [e], ab [a], de = ablative To show place in which in + ablative Acc to Abl. from Abl. on

Locative Case replaces Ablative Place Where Only used for specific names of cities, towns, small islands, domus (home), rus (countryside), humus (ground)

Formation of Locative 1st/2nd declension singular, locative is the same form as genitive Example: Roma, Romae (f) Rome, locative is Romae = in Rome. 3rd declension, locative is the same form as ablative [There are no place names in 4th & 5th declension, so no Locative] Example: Gades, Gadium (f.pl), locative is Gadibus = in Gades Plural Names of ANY declension are the same form as ablative Example: Athenae, Athenarum (f.pl), locative is Athenis Locative is used instead of ablative, place IN which and does not require a preposition. Remember it is only for names of specific cities, towns, small islands, domus, rus, humus. Exceptions: Carthagini

Acc. Place to which & Abl. Place from which with Cities, Towns, Small Islands If showing motion TOWARD one of the places that can use locative for place in which, that place would still be in ACCUSATIVE case, but no preposition is used Example: I want to go to Rome. Ego volo ire Romam. If showing motion AWAY from one of the places that can use locative for place in which, that place would still be in ABLATIVE case, but no preposition is used. I want to leave Rome. Ego volo discedere Romā.

Additions to Locative Three common nouns that can also be expressed in locative case are Domus-home Rus-country (side) Humus-earth, ground Locative for domus= domi Locative for rus=ruri Locative for humus = humi

Accusative vs. Ablative Time Accusative is used when one wants to express HOW LONG the action took place. Example: I slept for twelve hours. Ego dormivi duodecim horas. Ablative is used when one wants to express WHEN the action took place. Example: I left at the third hour. Tertiā horā exivi. Ablative is also used when one wants to express a time frame WITHIN which an action took place. Example: Within three years, you all will be in college. Tribus annis, omnes in collegio eritis. Note that neither construction has a Latin preposition to introduce it.

Ablative Time When [the details] Specific time --- WHEN did an action occur No preposition in Latin Usually translates “at” Often appears with an ordinal number Quintā horā lepus advenit.

Ablative Time Within Which [the details] Span of time --- WITHIN what time span did an action occur No preposition in Latin Usually translates “in” or “within” Often appears with a cardinal number March 20 - 26 Tribus diebus negotium conficietis.

Accusative Duration of Time [the details] Length of time --- HOW LONG did an action last No preposition in Latin Usually translates “for” Often appears with a cardinal number Duas horas animal parvum nuces exspectavit.

ABHINC = AGO An adverb, but pretend it is a preposition  Followed by the accusative case Often used with cardinal numbers Abhinc multos annos dinosauri terram rexerunt!

ANTE: its three faces Tribus ante diebus in ludo non eratis. 1. adverb – introduces a clause = before Ante cenamus, ad urbem ibimus. 2. preposition + accusative “Before” in the sense of spatial location Ante Marcum ambulo. 3. preposition + ablative “previously”, “before” in the sense of time Often contains a cardinal number Tribus ante diebus in ludo non eratis.

What to do about post Tribus post annis discipulae non eratis. 1. adverb – introduces a clause = after Post cenamus, ad urbem ibimus. 2. preposition + accusative “After” in the sense of spatial location, i.e. “behind” Post Marcum ambulo. 3. preposition + ablative “later”, “after” in the sense of time Often contains a cardinal number Tribus post annis discipulae non eratis.