27 th -29 th June 2011 Week 13. Agenda - Week 13 10:00-10:10 Welcome 10:10-10:20 Starter activity (bouncing ball) 10:20-11:00 scientific enquiry standards.

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Presentation transcript:

27 th -29 th June 2011 Week 13

Agenda - Week 13 10:00-10:10 Welcome 10:10-10:20 Starter activity (bouncing ball) 10:20-11:00 scientific enquiry standards 11:00-11:45 Scientific investigation 11:45– 12:00 Break 12:00– 1:30 Micro-teaching

Bouncing ball What happens to the bounce height of a ball when we change the height from which it bounces? ما الذي يحدث لارتداد كرة عندما نغير ارتفاع ارتدادها ؟

المتغيرات التي تمت السيطرة عليها

Open the Science Curriculum Standards.. Find out what are the three standards of Scientific Enquiry اطلع على معايير مناهج العلوم ابحث عن معايير التحقيق العلمي Open the Science Curriculum Standards.. Find out what are the three standards of Scientific Enquiry اطلع على معايير مناهج العلوم ابحث عن معايير التحقيق العلمي

(1)- Use methods of Scientific investigation يستخدم أساليب الاستقصاء العلمي (2)- Process and communicate information يقوم بمعالجة المعلومات وايصالها (3)- Handle equipment and make measurements يستعمل الاجهزة وينفذ قياسها

(1)

A series of steps done systematically to study a problem or an event. سلسلة من الخطوات يتم بشكل منهجي لدراسة مشكلة أو حدث ما. Scientific Investigation

You must ask a question that is well defined, measurable, and controllable. يجب عليك أن تسأل سؤالاً مُعرّفاً تعريفاً جيداً، قابلاً للقياس ، ويمكن السيطرة عليه. Example: Why is grass green? What is the cause of AIDS? Why does skin wrinkle with age? مثال: لماذا لون العشب أخضر؟ ما سبب مرض الإيدز؟ لماذا يتجعد الجلد مع تقدم العمر؟ The questions that are answered by scientific investigation are based on observations and information gained through previous research or knowledge. تستند الأسئلة التي يجيب عنها التحقيق العلمي على الملاحظات والمعلومات المكتسبة من خلال الأبحاث السابقة أو المعرفة. 1) THE QUESTION السؤال

THE HYPOTHESIS الفرضية Key: A hypothesis has to be testable experimentally in order to support it. Consider, for example, the question: Do excessively high temperatures cause children to misbehave? يجب أن تكون الفرضية قابلة للاختبار من أجل دعمه، على سبيل المثال، السؤال : هل درجات الحرارة العالية جدا تسبب الأطفال ليسيئوا التصرف؟ Temperature is certainly a well-defined, measurable, and controllable factor, but misbehavior is not scientifically measurable. Thus, a scientist could not investigate this question. هنا درجة الحرارة معرف تعريفا جيدا وقابل للقياس، ويمكن السيطرة عليه، ولكن سوء التصرف لا يمكن قياسه علميا. وبالتالي، لا يمكن للعالم إجراء التحقيق في هذه المسألة.

Dependent غير مستقل أو تابع Dependent غير مستقل أو تابع Independent مستقل Independent مستقل Controlled تم السيطرة عليها Controlled تم السيطرة عليها is what will be measured (will be affected) هو ما سوف يقاس ( المتأثر ) is what will be measured (will be affected) هو ما سوف يقاس ( المتأثر ) is what is varied during the experiment (will affect the dependent variable) هو المتغير أثناء التجربة ( المؤثر ) is what is varied during the experiment (will affect the dependent variable) هو المتغير أثناء التجربة ( المؤثر ) the variables that held constant. (other factors must be eliminated) المتغيرات الثابتة (( أي يجب إلغاء بقية المتغيرات the variables that held constant. (other factors must be eliminated) المتغيرات الثابتة (( أي يجب إلغاء بقية المتغيرات

Identifying the problem تحديد المشكلة Identifying the problem تحديد المشكلة Forming a hypothesis تشكيل فرضية Forming a hypothesis تشكيل فرضية Making observation الملاحظة Making observation الملاحظة

Planning an experiment التخطيط للتجربة Planning an experiment التخطيط للتجربة Analyzing & interpreting data تحليل وتفسير البيانات Analyzing & interpreting data تحليل وتفسير البيانات Communicate the result إيصال النتيجة Communicate the result إيصال النتيجة Making a conclusion الاستنتاج Making a conclusion الاستنتاج

1- Problem/Question 1- Problem/Question: المشكلة Develop a question or problem that can be solved through experimentation ضع سؤالاً أو مشكلة يمكن حلها من خلال التجريب

Hamad watches his grandmother bake bread. He ask his grandmother what makes the bread rise. She explains that yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar. Hamad wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of the bread loaf كان حمد يشاهد جدته وهي تخبز الخبر. وسألها ما الذي يجعل الخبز يرتفع. وفسرت له ان الخميرة عندما تتغذى على السكر الموجود في الخبز فإنها تخرج الغاز الذي يسبب ارتفاعه. وهنا تساءل حمد عن كمية السكر المستخدمة في حالة زيادتها هل ستؤثر على ارتفاع الخبز Hamad watches his grandmother bake bread. He ask his grandmother what makes the bread rise. She explains that yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar. Hamad wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of the bread loaf كان حمد يشاهد جدته وهي تخبز الخبر. وسألها ما الذي يجعل الخبز يرتفع. وفسرت له ان الخميرة عندما تتغذى على السكر الموجود في الخبز فإنها تخرج الغاز الذي يسبب ارتفاعه. وهنا تساءل حمد عن كمية السكر المستخدمة في حالة زيادتها هل ستؤثر على ارتفاع الخبز Example Problem/Question

Observation/Research 2. Observation/Research: الملاحظة Make observations and research your topic of interest. قم بإبداء الملاحظات وابحث في موضوع اهتمامك.

Hamad researches the areas of baking and fermentation and tries to come up with a way to test his question. He keeps all of his information on this topic in a journal. Hamad talks with his teacher and she gives him a Experimental Design Diagram to help him set up his investigation. قام حمد بجمع المعلومات عن هذا الموضوع الذي يخص الخبز والتخمر ووضعه في قائمة محاولة منه للاجابة عن تساؤله ، وبالاستعانة بمعلمته أمدته بمخطط التصميم التجريبي الذي يساعده في تجربته Hamad researches the areas of baking and fermentation and tries to come up with a way to test his question. He keeps all of his information on this topic in a journal. Hamad talks with his teacher and she gives him a Experimental Design Diagram to help him set up his investigation. قام حمد بجمع المعلومات عن هذا الموضوع الذي يخص الخبز والتخمر ووضعه في قائمة محاولة منه للاجابة عن تساؤله ، وبالاستعانة بمعلمته أمدته بمخطط التصميم التجريبي الذي يساعده في تجربته Example Observation/Research

Formulate a Hypothesis 3. Formulate a Hypothesis: الفرضية Predict a possible answer to the problem or question. Use ( If / then ) تنبأ بجواب محتمل للمشكلة أو السؤال. استخدم ( لو / ثم )

After talking with his teacher and conducting further research, he comes up with a hypothesis. “If more sugar is added, then the bread will rise higher.” بعد أن تحدث حمد مع معلمته وأجرى المزيد من الابحاث, توصل الى الفرضية التالية : « كلما زادت كمية السكر المضافة, زاد ارتفاع الخبز » After talking with his teacher and conducting further research, he comes up with a hypothesis. “If more sugar is added, then the bread will rise higher.” بعد أن تحدث حمد مع معلمته وأجرى المزيد من الابحاث, توصل الى الفرضية التالية : « كلما زادت كمية السكر المضافة, زاد ارتفاع الخبز » Example Formulate a Hypothesis

4. Experiment 4. Experiment: التجربة  Develop and follow a procedure.  Include a detailed materials list.  The outcome must be measurable (quantifiable).  ضع واتبع إجراء.  اشمل قائمة مفصلة بالمواد.  يجب أن تكون النتيجة قابلة للقياس ( كمي ).

His teacher helps him come up with a procedure and list of needed materials. معلمة حمد ساعدته في التوصل إلى إجراء وعمل قائمة بالمواد التي يحتاجها His teacher helps him come up with a procedure and list of needed materials. معلمة حمد ساعدته في التوصل إلى إجراء وعمل قائمة بالمواد التي يحتاجها Example Experiment

Identify the variables of this experiment? حدد المتغيرات في هذه التجربة the size of the loaf of bread حجم ارتفاع الخبز the size of the loaf of bread حجم ارتفاع الخبز Hamad is going to use 25g., 50g., 100g., 250g., 500g. of sugar in his experiment. كمية السكر Hamad is going to use 25g., 50g., 100g., 250g., 500g. of sugar in his experiment. كمية السكر all the factors that the experimenter attempts to keep the same (other ingredients, oven used, rise time, cooking time, oven temperature…etc بقية المتغيرات ( باقي المكونات، الفرن، وقت الانتفاخ، زمن الخبز، درجة حرارة الفرن.. الخ ) all the factors that the experimenter attempts to keep the same (other ingredients, oven used, rise time, cooking time, oven temperature…etc بقية المتغيرات ( باقي المكونات، الفرن، وقت الانتفاخ، زمن الخبز، درجة حرارة الفرن.. الخ ) Dependent تابع Dependent تابع Independent مستقل Independent مستقل Controlled تمت السيطرة عليها Controlled تمت السيطرة عليها

Collect and Analyze Results 5. Collect and Analyze Results: جمع وتحليل النتائج  Modify the procedure if needed.  Confirm the results by retesting.  Include tables, graphs, and photographs.  قم بتعديل الإجراء إذا لزم الأمر.  تأكد من النتائج من خلال إعادة الإختبار.  اشمل الجداول والرسوم البيانية والصور الفوتوغرافية

Hamad comes up with a table he can use to record his data. Hamad gets all his materials together and carries out his experiment. Hamad examines his data and notices that his control worked the best in this experiment, but not significantly better than 100g. of sugar. قام حمد بعمل جدول لتسجيل البيانات. أحضر جميع الأدوات. اختبر البيانات ولاحظ أن تجربته سارت بشكل جيد خاصة عند استخدام 100 جم من السكر. Hamad comes up with a table he can use to record his data. Hamad gets all his materials together and carries out his experiment. Hamad examines his data and notices that his control worked the best in this experiment, but not significantly better than 100g. of sugar. قام حمد بعمل جدول لتسجيل البيانات. أحضر جميع الأدوات. اختبر البيانات ولاحظ أن تجربته سارت بشكل جيد خاصة عند استخدام 100 جم من السكر. Example Collect & Analyze Data

Conclusion 6. Conclusion: الاستنتاج  Include a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis.  Make recommendations for further study and possible improvements to the procedure.  اشمل على عبارة توافق أو ترفض ( تستبعد ) النظرية  قم بكتابة توصيات للدراسات المستقبلية والتحسينات المحتملة للخطوات.

Hamad rejects his hypothesis, but decides to re- test using sugar amounts between 50g. and 100g. Hamad finds that 70g. of sugar produces the largest loaf. His hypothesis is accepted. استبعد حمد فرضيته ولكنه قرر إعادة التجربة باستخدام 50 – 100 جم من السكر. بعد إعادة التجربة وجد حمد أن 70 جم من السكر ينتج انتفاخاً أكبر للخبز. تم قبول فرضيته. Hamad rejects his hypothesis, but decides to re- test using sugar amounts between 50g. and 100g. Hamad finds that 70g. of sugar produces the largest loaf. His hypothesis is accepted. استبعد حمد فرضيته ولكنه قرر إعادة التجربة باستخدام 50 – 100 جم من السكر. بعد إعادة التجربة وجد حمد أن 70 جم من السكر ينتج انتفاخاً أكبر للخبز. تم قبول فرضيته. Example Conclusion

Communicate the Results 7. Communicate the Results: إيصال النتائج  Be prepared to present the project to an audience.  Expect questions from the audience.  كن مستعداً لعرض المشروع على الجمهور.  توقع أسئلة من الجمهور.

Hamad tells his grandmother about his findings and prepares to present his project in Science class. أخبر حمد جدته عن نتائجه وأعد مشروعه لشرحه أمام زملاؤه في حصة العلوم. Hamad tells his grandmother about his findings and prepares to present his project in Science class. أخبر حمد جدته عن نتائجه وأعد مشروعه لشرحه أمام زملاؤه في حصة العلوم. Example Communication the Result

Problem/QuestionObservation/Research Formulate a Hypothesis Experiment Collect and Analyze Results Conclusion Communicate the Results

Each teachers’ level set together and choose one standard of the scientific enquiry. ليجلس معلمو المستوى الواحد معا ويقوموا باختيار معيار واحد من التحقق العلمي Design an experiment to your students using the scientific investigation methods. قوموا بتصميم تجربة لطلابكم باستخدام خطوات الاستقصاء العلمي