Chapter 9 Social and Behavioral Epidemiology

Figure F01: Illustration of brain under stress. Stress is hypothesized to impact the brain, causing physical and mental health effects. Reprinted from National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Available at: Accessed July 23, 2008.

Figure F02: Military conflict: a setting for posttraumatic stress disorder.

Figure F03: Annual rates of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work and private industry, Reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Worker Health Chartbook, Cincinnati, OH: DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No September 2004:35.

Figure F04: Cigarette smoking among men, women, high school students, and mothers during pregnancy: United States, Reprinted from National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2006, with Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2006:33.

Figure F05: Percentage of all middle school and high school students who were current users of any tobacco product,* by type of tobacco product - National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, Reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth tobacco surveillance- United States, In: Surveillance Summaries, May 19, MMWR. 2006;55 (No. SS-3):4.

Figure F06: Percentage of all middle school and high school students who ever* used tobacco, by type of tobacco product - National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, Reprinted from Marshall L, Schooley M, Ryan H, et al. Youth tobacco surveillance United States, In: Surveillance Summaries, May 19, MMWR. 2006;55(No. SS-3):5.

Figure F07: Percentage of current cigarette smokers*aged <18 years in middle school and high school who obtained cigarettes, by usual methods of obtainment - National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, Reprinted from Marshall L, Schooley M, Ryan H, et al. Youth tobacco surveillance-United States, In: Surveillance Summaries, May 19, MMWR. 2006;55 (No. SS- 3):4.

Figure F08: Secondhand smoke is dangerous to children. Smoking around children can cause sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), lung problems, ear infections, and more severe asthma. © Adam Borkowski/ShutterStock, Inc.

Figure F09: Current, binge, and heavy alcohol use among persons aged 12 or older, by age: Reprinted from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-32, DHHS Publication No. SMA ). Rockville, MD; 2007

Figure F10: Binge drinking among high school students, by sex, grade level, and year: United States, 1991, 1993, 2003, and Adapted and reprinted from National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2006, with Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2006:35.

Figure F11: Heavy alcohol use among adults aged 18 to 22, by college enrollment: Reprinted from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-32, DHHS Publication No. SMA ). Rockville, MD; 2007

Figure F13: Current marijuana use among high school students, by sex, grade level, and year: United States, 1991, 1993, 2003, and Adapted and reprinted from National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2006, with Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2006:35.

Figure F14: Meth mouth. Courtesy of Stephen Wagner, DDS

Figure F15: Methamphetamine use in past month among persons aged 12 or older, by dependence and abuse: 2002, 2003, and 2004 (left); Methamphetamine use in past year among persons aged 12 or older, by gender and age: 2002, 2003, and Reprinted from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. The NSDUH Report: Methamphetamine Use, Abuse, and Dependence: 2002, 2003, and September 16, Availa

Figure F16: Trends in child and adolescent overweight. Reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Prevalence of Overweight Among Children and Adolescents: United States, Available at:

Figure F17: Trends in adult overweight and obesity, ages years. Reprinted from National Center for Health Statistics. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults: United States, Available at: Accessed July27, 2008.

Figure F18: Prevalence of obesity* among adults aged > 18 years - Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, Reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. State-specific prevalence of obesity among adults-United States, MMWR. 2008;57:767.

Figure F19: Lifetime prevalence (standard error) of mood disorders among 17- to 39-year-old respondents by sex. Reprinted from Jonas BS, Brody D, Roper M, Narrow W. Mood disorder prevalence among young men and women in the United States. In: Center for Mental Health Services. Mental Health, United States, Manderscheid RW and Berry JT, eds. DHHS Pub No. (SMA)-

Figure F20: Lifetime prevalence (standard error) of mood disorders among 20- to 39-year-old respondents by sex and education. Reprinted from Jonas BS, Brody D, Roper M, Narrow W. Mood disorder prevalence among young men and women in the United States. In: Center for Mental Health Services. Mental Health, United States, Manderscheid RW and Berry JT, eds. DHHS Pub No. (SMA)-

Figure F21: Substance use among adults aged 18 or older, by major depressive episode in the past year: Reprinted from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings. (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-32, DHHS Publication No. SMA ). Rockville, MD: Sub

Figure F22: Selected diagnosed disorders among children 4-17 years of age by level of emotional or behavioral difficulties and sex: United States, Reprinted from Pastor PN, Reuben CA, Falkenstern A. Parental reports of emotional or behavioral difficulties and mental health service use among U.S. school-age children. In: Center for Mental Health Services. Mental Health, United States, Mandersch

Figure F23: Percentage of children aged 8 years identified as having an autism spectrum disorder, by data source-Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, six sites, United States, Reprinted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders--Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, six sites, United States, In: Surveillance Summaries, MMWR 2007;56(No. SS-1):5.