Nationalism, Ethnicity and Multiculturalism in Britain.

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Presentation transcript:

Nationalism, Ethnicity and Multiculturalism in Britain

Source: Policy Exchange, ‘A Portrait of Modern Britain’ (2014

Wards % White Quintile 1 6,72294% Quintile 2 1,02979% Quintile % Quintile % Quintile % Total Wards % White Quintile Quintile Quintile Quintile Quintile Total

White Flight?

Manchester White neighbourhoods remain relatively white

USA Source: data from Card Mas & Rothstein 2008 Source: Andersson Hammarstedt Neuman 2012

Minorities mix with each other as whites decline

How did Ethnic Groups Move?: by Ethnic Neighbourhood Type, Source: R. Johnston, M. Poulsen, J. Forrest, Multiethnic residential areas in a multiethnic country? A decade of major change in England and Wales,’ Environment and Planning A 2013, volume 45, pages 753 – 759

Indexes of Acculturation British-born S. Asians do much better than parents Hindus, Ugandan Asians and Indian Muslims do better than Bangladeshis and Pakistanis Asians succeed more in education than in employment/income Poor whites and blacks at bottom of economic ladder

Multicultural policy (??) Faith Schools Limited funding for ethnic newspapers, associations and projects Public services in other languages Ethnic 'Leaders' in Local Government meeting with government SO NOT REALLY ABOUT POWER AND MONEY BEING HANDED OUT ON ETHNIC LINES, INSTEAD: **Symbolism. National identity: 'Britain as multicultural'

Inter-Ethnic Violence 1958 Notting Hill - White-Black Riots 1981 Toxteth Riot – Police v Black Youths 2001 Mill Town Riots: Oldham, Bradford, Leeds, Burnley. White-Asian violence Shift to White-Asian clashes Blacks v State, but not v whites S Asian Muslims v whites, but not v state Cantle 2006: segregation and political mutliculturalism partly to blame

Policy Shift Begins 2000 after Parekh Report Change in Europe with rise of Far Right 1990s (i.e. Le Pen; Haider) 2001 Mill Town Riots & 9/11, 7/7 Change in Centre-Left and Centre-Right

National Identity and Multiculturalism In most western societies, issues around immigrant incorporation are symbolic rather than material Official discourse School curriculum Very little power/money allocated to ethnic group bodies

Multivocal, not multicultural Multicultural, with white peripheries English ethnic nation, multicultural cities, Celtic periphery

Multivocalism/Multi-Nationalism Current vogue for integrationist civic nationalism alienates multiculturalists and ethno-nationalists Why not establish a common minimum and fill in the blanks? Wide range of lenses on the nation tolerated and validated Tailor-made nationalism, multivocal symbols

Constructive Ambiguity Wording is ambiguous Sold differently to each side Leaders allow each side to believe the deal favours them No problem if ethnic Englishman identifies with Britain through her ethnicity

Source: Catney, G ‘Has neighbourhood ethnic segregation decreased,’ Dynamics of Diversity: Evidence from the 2011 census (JRF/Manchester: February), ethnicity.ac.uk

Changes in Mutual Segregation (index of dissimilarity), for Combinations of Groups, and Change in Segregation (ID), , England and Wales White British-Minority little change White British-individual minorities modest decline Minority-minority largest decline

Muslim Religious Retention