Electrophoretic deposition of biomaterials by A. R. Boccaccini, S. Keim, R. Ma, Y. Li, and I. Zhitomirsky Interface Volume 7(Suppl 5):S581-S613 October 6, 2010 ©2010 by The Royal Society

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) cell showing positively charged particles in suspension migrating towards the negative electrode. A. R. Boccaccini et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S581-S613 ©2010 by The Royal Society

Typical thickness of coatings obtained by different process methods, showing the versatility of EPD in that it can produce a wide range of thicknesses of relevance for orthopaedic applications (Sridhar et al. 2002). A. R. Boccaccini et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S581-S613 ©2010 by The Royal Society

Schematic of the EPD set-up used by Wang & Hu (2003) to develop patterned HA deposits on Si and Ti substrates indicating also the steps followed to prepare the Au-patterned cathode. A. R. Boccaccini et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S581-S613 ©2010 by The Royal Society

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of homogeneous Bioglass coatings obtained on stainless steel substrates by EPD from aqueous suspensions containing 20 wt% Bioglass particles at voltages of 5 V and deposition time of 5 min (Krause et al. 2006): (a)... A. R. Boccaccini et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S581-S613 ©2010 by The Royal Society

SEM images of PEEK/Bioglass-coated NiTi wires at (a) low and (b) high magnification showing the high uniformity of the coating structure achieved. A. R. Boccaccini et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S581-S613 ©2010 by The Royal Society

Schematic diagram of the experimental set-up used to fabricate complex-shaped functionally graded alumina and zirconia-based femoral ball heads by EPD (Anné et al. 2006). A. R. Boccaccini et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S581-S613 ©2010 by The Royal Society

Experimental set-up developed by Lin et al. A. R. Boccaccini et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S581-S613 ©2010 by The Royal Society

SEM images of PS–TiO2 electrophoretic deposits, at different magnifications, (a,b) before and (c) after sintering, demonstrating the successful development of a scaled-structured titania coating for orthopaedic applications (Radice et al. 2008, 2010). A. R. Boccaccini et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S581-S613 ©2010 by The Royal Society

SEM images of cross sections of (a) CHIT–BSA and (b) alginate–BSA composite films confirming the electrophoretic formation of relatively uniform films of controlled thickness (Ma & Zhitomirsky 2010; Sun & Zhitomirsky 2010). A. R. Boccaccini et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S581-S613 ©2010 by The Royal Society

Schematic of the process for anchoring HA nanoparticles (positively charged) onto functionalized CNTs (negatively charged): (a) as received CNT, (b) functionalized CNT and (c) attachment of nano-HA particles onto the modified CNT surface (Boccaccini et al.... A. R. Boccaccini et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S581-S613 ©2010 by The Royal Society

TEM micrograph showing the interaction between TiO2 nanoparticles and CNTs in aqueous suspensions at pH <5 (Singh et al. 2006). A. R. Boccaccini et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S581-S613 ©2010 by The Royal Society

Different approaches to fabricate CNT/ceramic nanocomposites by EPD (Boccaccini et al. 2010): (a) schematic diagram showing sequential deposition of CNTs and nanoparticles form layered heterostructures and electrophoretic codeposition; (b) schematic diagram... A. R. Boccaccini et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S581-S613 ©2010 by The Royal Society

SEM images showing the typical microstructure of a CNT-coated Bioglass-based scaffold, obtained by EPD (2.8 V, 10 min) at different magnifications (Meng et al. 2009). A. R. Boccaccini et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S581-S613 ©2010 by The Royal Society

SEM images showing (a) inclusion bodies electrophoretically deposited on steel cathode from suspensions at IEP of E. coli bacteria (3 min of EPD at 7.5 V cm−1) and (b) deposition of E. coli on the anode after the pH was set to the IEP of the inclusion bodie... A. R. Boccaccini et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S581-S613 ©2010 by The Royal Society

Schematic diagram showing different conditions at the surface of colloidal particles and cells, as suggested by Akagi & Ichiki (2008). A. R. Boccaccini et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010;7:S581-S613 ©2010 by The Royal Society