LAB #1 – EARTH’S SHAPE By successfully completing this lab you should be able to: Describe what a “roundness ratio” is Tell how the value of a “roundness ratio” can help you to determine the shape of an object. Identify the roundness ratio of Earth, Jupiter and a globe. Provide a description of the true shape of Earth, Jupiter and a globe using their roundness ratio value.

LAB #2 –NYS LANDSCAPES By successfully completing this lab you should be able to: Identify the latitude and longitude coordinates of Hornell and at least 2 other cities in NYS. Identify 2 major rivers and 3 major lakes of NYS. Identify, describe and provide examples of the 3 types of landscapes that exist in NYS.

LAB #3 – LATITUDE/LONGITUDE By successfully completing this lab you should be able to: Identify three differences between latitude and longitude (state your differences in pairs) Describe how Polaris can be used to determine latitude in the Northern Hemisphere Describe how longitude and GMT can be used to determine your local time, using an example that you create.

LAB #7 – TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS By successfully completing this lab you should be able to: Describe what a topographic map shows and how isolines are used to do this Describe what gradient is and tell how it is calculated Describe how contour lines tell the direction of stream flow Describe how contour lines indicate where a slope is steep Describe how to find the highest possible elevation using contour lines Describe what features a topographic profile can show

LAB #2 - MEASUREMENT By successfully completing this lab you should be able to: Explain why measuring accurately is important to Earth science Describe what percent error is and tell how it is calculated. Describe the proper technique used to measure the following: – Liquid mass, Liquid volume, Rectangular volume and the volume of an irregular-shaped object

LAB #3 - DENSITY By successfully completing this lab you should be able to: Define what density is and tell how it is calculated. Describe how density would change if mass is changed, but volume is not Describe the relationship between density and temperature, density and pressure Describe how the different lab materials would behave if placed together in a density float

LAB #4 – SCALE DRAWING By successfully completing this lab you should be able to: Explain what a map scale is and why it is important Describe how a ratio is set up to create a scale drawing Explain why most concepts in Earth Science are drawn “NOT TO SCALE”, using examples in your explanation.

LAB #8/9– MOON PHASES By successfully completing this lab you should be able to: Describe what moon motion causes the moon’s phases List the eight major moon phases starting with new Describe the difference between a solar and lunar eclipse Explain how tides are affected by Earth’s rotation Explain how tides are affected by the moon’s revolution around Earth

LAB #10 – SUNRISE/SUNSET By successfully completing this lab you should be able to: Describe the relationship between season and amount of daylight. (from winter to spring, spring to summer, etc.) Identify the important dates associated with the solstices and equinoxes. Describe how the tilt of the Earth determines the angle of insolation in the Northern Hemisphere. Describe how the angle of insolation changes from winter to spring, from spring to summer, etc. in the SOUTHERN hemisphere.

LAB #11 – SEASONS AND SUN’S PATH By successfully completing this lab you should be able to: Design a chart that summarizes these facts for each season (assume the solstices and equinoxes at 42°N latitude): – Sunrise and sunset direction (use compass directions) – Amount of daylight (approx. # of hours) – Altitude of noon sun (calculate as per notes) – Intensity of insolation (indicate greatest, least or average) – Shadow direction at sunrise and sunset – Shadow length at solar noon for each season (long, med, short)

LAB #13 - ELLIPSES Describe what eccentricity is and tell how to calculate it Tell how an eccentricity value is used to determine the shape of an orbit Describe why Kepler’s 1 st law requires orbits to be elliptical Provide proof that the orbits of our planets in the Heliocentric Model MUST be elliptical. By successfully completing this lab you should be able to:

LAB #14 – STAR PROPERTIES Identify the sequence of events involved in the typical life cycle of a star. Identify the relationship between temperature and luminosity (brightness) of stars Describe how color can be used to determine the temperature of a star. Design a small chart indicating the color, size brightness and temperature of main sequence, red giant, white dwarf, blue supergiant and red dwarf stars. By successfully completing this lab you should be able to:

LAB #12 – OUR SOLAR SYSTEM  Describe three differences between Terrestrial and Jovian planets.  Explain specifically why it would be impossible for us to make a “true scale model” of the Solar System in the classroom.  Write a statement comparing distance of a planet from our sun to the time it takes to revolve.  Identify 3 planets (your choice) and tell of 3 interesting facts about each. By successfully completing this lab you should be able to:

LAB #15/16 – HEAT AND MATTER Identify and describe the type of heat transfer involved with a calorimeter, telling the direction that heat was transferred. Explain what a closed system is and tell why the calorimeter set up was not a closed system. Describe the characteristics of a good absorber and a good reflector. Describe the relationship between a good absorber and a good radiator. By successfully completing this lab you should be able to:

LAB #17 – CURRENT WEATHER Draw a diagram showing where/how the following weather data is recorded on a station model. (air temperature, dew point temperature, air pressure, wind speed, wind direction, humidity, cloud cover, precipitation amount, barometric tendency, present weather) Describe how to convert from a long form millibar reading to its short form to put it on a station model. Then tell how to convert a short form millibar reading into a long form. Provide examples to go with your descriptions. By successfully completing this lab you should be able to:

LAB #18 – RELATIVE HUMIDITY Explain what is meant by relative humidity Describe two ways that air can become saturated Explain what the dew point temperature is Tell how the relationship between the air temperature and dew point temperature can be used to predict the “chance of precipitation” Tell how to use your ESRT to find the humidity or dew point value given wet and dry bulb readings. By successfully completing this lab you should be able to:

LAB #19 – DETERMINING CLOUD BASE Describe the difference between cooling rates of dry and moist air. Be sure to include lapse rate values. Explain why air at higher altitudes expands as it cools rather than contracting as it cools as it normally does at sea level. Explain how the name of cloud can tell you something about its altitude and/or moisture content. Tell what the relationship is between cloud base altitude and relative humidity. By successfully completing this lab you should be able to:

LAB #20-21 – STORM TRACKING Compare the storm tracks of all three maps and then generalize to describe the path that storms take over the US and tell what factor influences this path. Describe where, when and why hurricanes form. Identify the factors that can cause a hurricane to increase or decrease in intensity. Be sure to tell how these factors change intensity. Describe the Saffir/Simpson and Fujita Scales. Tell what each scale rates and describe the difference between a Category V and and an F-5 rating. By successfully completing this lab you should be able to:

LAB #23 – FRESH WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND Write a paragraph (essay) explaining the state of Earth’s freshwater supply today. Be sure to discuss what percent is inaccessible and which percent is actually useable. Also, tell how man can impact the supply, provide examples of 3 pollutants and identify ways man can reduce this environmental concern. By successfully completing this lab you should be able to:

LAB #22 – PERMEABILITY, POROSITY + CAPILLARITY Define the terms permeability, porosity and capillarity. Tell what conditions will maximize each soil characteristic. Identify exactly what type of “soil” each bead size represents. See ESRT. Compare the permeability, porosity and capillarity of equal volumes of sand (.05cm) and pebbles (2.5 cm). Use terms of greater, equal or lesser in your answer. By successfully completing this lab you should be able to:

LAB #23 – CLIMATE IDENTIFICATION Identify the six factors that affect climate. Describe, in detail, how three of these six factors affect either temperature, precipitation or both. Describe how the relationship between P and Ep can indicate the general climate of a region. Explain how the “rainshadow effect” can affect the climate on both sides of a mountain range. By successfully completing this lab you should be able to:

LAB #24 – STREAM VELOCITY Identify the 3 factors that determine the velocity of a stream. Describe the erosion/deposition pattern that occurs along a meandering stream. Describe the manner in which different size particles (small, medium, large) are transported in a stream. Identify the relationship between stream velocity and particle size carried. By successfully completing this lab you should be able to:

LAB #25 – DEPOSITION Tell the difference between a “time” and a “rate”. Tell what factors help determine the settling rate of sediment. Include detail about which conditions will cause a particle to settle faster. Describe the difference between the cause of horizontal sorting and vertical sorting Identify the relationship between: – particle size and settling time – particle size and settling rate By successfully completing this lab you should be able to:

LAB #26 – MINERAL IDENTIFICATION Identify and describe in detail the various tests used to help identify a mineral sample. Explain what determines the hardness and cleavage of a mineral. Describe what to look for in a mineral that has cleavage. Tell why the rocks that make up the Earth’s crust contain the same common minerals. By successfully completing this lab you should be able to:

Describe the differences between how and where the three main classes of rocks form. Describe the breakdown in classification of sedimentary rocks. Provide examples Describe the breakdown in classification of igneous rocks. Provide examples. Tell why all three rock types contain the same basic mineral composition. LAB #27 – ROCK CLASSIFICATION By successfully completing this lab you should be able to:

Identify and describe three (3) pieces of evidence that Wegener used to support his Theory of Continental Drift. Give an example of a displaced fossil and tell how it could lead to the conclusion that the continents have been in different positions in the past. Tell why the modern theory of Plate Tectonics is more commonly accepted (accurate) than Wegener’s Theory of Continental Drift. LAB #28 – CONTINENTAL DRIFT By successfully completing this lab you should be able to:

Identify the name and location of the pattern of Q + V plotted on your map. Describe the differences (in detail) between the three different types of plate movement. Provide examples of actual plate boundaries where each occurs. (ex. North American vs. Pacific, etc.) LAB #29 – CRUSTAL MOVEMENT By successfully completing this lab you should be able to:

LAB #30 – EARTHQUAKES Describe 5 major differences between P waves and S waves. Tell how P and S waves are used to help infer the properties of Earth’s interior. Describe how you can use P and S waves to locate the exact position of an earthquake epicenter. Describe 3 ways that you might prepare for the possibility of an earthquake. By successfully completing this lab you should be able to: