PROTEST AND STAGNATION: THE WESTERN WORLD, 1965–1985 Chapter 29 PROTEST AND STAGNATION: THE WESTERN WORLD, 1965–1985

A Culture of Protest A Revolt in Sexual Mores Youth Protest and Student Revolt The Feminist Movement Antiwar Protests

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Stagnation in the Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev (1906-1982) Brezhnev Doctrine – right to intervene if socialism threatened Access to Western styles of dress, music, and art Emphasis on heavy industry Overall, industrial growth declined Impact of central economic planning Agricultural problems Bad harvests in mid-1970s Unwilling to tamper with the party leadership and state bureaucracy Serious internal problems

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Conformity in Eastern Europe Poland Edward Gierek, 1971, Economic problems Solidarity Lech Walesa (b. 1943) Hungary Jano Kadar in power for more than 30 years Moves slowly toward legalizing small private enterprises Czechoslovakia Communist government collapsed in 1989 Vaclav Havel was in control of the government Alexander Dubcek Gustav Husa´k

The Berlin Wall 1961 -1989

Repression in East Germany and Romania Walter Ulbricht Erich Honecker Stasi Romania Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife, Elena Ruled Romania with an iron grip Securitate

Western Europe: The Winds of Change Economic recessions, mid-1970’s and early 1980’s Increase in the price of oil Integration of economies –European Economic Community Treaty on European Union European Community became the European Union, 1994 Euro, 2001

Germany Restored Willy Brandt (1913-1992), 1969-1974 Ostpolitik, “opening toward the east” Treaty with East Germany, 1972 Helmut Schmide (b. 1918) Technocrat; concerned with economic conditions Helmut Kohl (b. 1930) Problems of union

Great Britain: Thatcher then Blair Thatcherism Problems of Northern Ireland Direct rule from London, 1972 Conservatives gain political power, 1979 Political changes of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (b. 1925) Broke power of the labor unions Austerity to control inflation Hard line toward communism Rebuilds the military Falkland Islands

Uncertainties in France and Italy François Mitterrand (1916-1995) , 1981-1995 Economic difficulties Socialistic policies Economic weaknesses of the 1990s Confusion in Italy Giulio Andreotti Eurocommunism 1970s, Italy had severe economic recession Aldo Moro Red Brigade

The United States: Turmoil and Tranquility Richard Nixon (1913-1994) elected in 1968 Ends Vietnam war, 1973 Watergate scandal Resignation, August 9, 1974 Jimmy Carter (b. 1924), 1976-1980 Stagflation – high inflation and unemployment Oil embargo, 1973 53 hostages held by Iran Ronald Reagan (b. 1911), 1981-1989 Reverses the welfare state Military buildup Supply-side economics

War in Kosovo War erupted in 1999 Ethnic Albanians Stripped of autonomous status in 1989 Kosovo Liberation Army US and NATO intervene Milosevic refused to sign agreement and NATO resumes air strikes Milosovic ousted from office in fall elections, 2000 Brought to trial by an international tribunal for war crimes against humanity

The Disintegration of Yugoslavia Death of Tito in 1980 League of Communists In 1990 republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Macedonia worked toward a federal structure Slbodan Milosevic rejects these efforts without new border arrangements to accommodate Serb minorities Slovenia and Croatia declare independence Yugoslavian army sent to attach Croatia Army becoming more and more a Serbian Army 1992 Serbs turn on Bosnia-Herzegovina Ethnic cleansing NATO strikes back

Contemporary Canada Pierre Trudeau (1919-2000), elected in 1968 Brian Mulroney (b. 1939), elected in 1984 Quebec René Lévesque Parti Québécois

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The Vietnam War President Lyndon Johnson sends larger numbers of troops to Vietnam, 1965 Domino theory If the communists succeed in Vietnam, other nations inn Asia would fall to communism President Richard Nixon (1913-1994) vows to bring an honorable end Begins withdrawing troops Peace treaty signed January 1973 calls for removal of all US troops

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China and the Cold War Mao Zedong (1893-1976) Victory in 1948 Collectivization of all farmland and most industry and commerce nationalized, 1955 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 Red Guards Nixon visited China and met with Mao Zedong in 1972

Towards a New World Order Détente Antiballistic Missile Treaty, 1972 Helsinki Agreements, 1975 Human rights becomes an issue with President Carter Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979 President Ronald Reagan’s “evil empire”

Science and Technology The New World of Science and Technology Military-Industrial Complex German rockets; jets British work in computers J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb Computers Dangers of Science E.F. Schumacher (1911-1977), Small is Beautiful

The Environment and the Green Movements Problems in the environment Chernobyl, 1986 Green parties

Postmodern Thought Postmodernism Structuralism Ferdinand de Saussure The signifier and the signified Jacques Derrida Poststructuralism, or deconstruction Michel Foucault The History of Sexuality

Trends in Art, Literature and Music Postmodern Allen Kaprow land art Robert Venturi Charles Moore Piazzad’Italia Postmodernism in literature Gabriel Garcı´a Ma´ rquez Milan Kundera Music Olivier Messiaen Philip Glass

Popular Culture: Image and Globalization Popular music Experimentation in rock and roll Video music MTV Rap Growth of Mass Sports Olympic Games Black September Mandatory drug testing Americanized Global Culture Marshall McLuhan Problems are global not just national

Discussion Questions Examine the policies of Brezhnev. Are they old guard communist or a transition between the old Soviet regime and the more modern Soviet state to come? How did Margaret Thatcher shape the position of Great Britain in power structure of world politics What is détente? How did the policies of Nixon influence relations between the West and the communist world? What influence does business and politics play in the Olympic Games?

Web links Solidarity in Poland Vietnam War Détente Chernobyl Helmut Kohl Margaret Thatcher Ronald Reagan Nongovernmental organizations