The Purpose of DNA To make PROTEINS! Proteins give us our traits (ex: one protein gives a person blue eyes, another gives brown Central Dogma of Molecular Biology DNA mRNAProtein How do we get from DNA to proteins? – Through RNA! – RNA—Ribonucleic Acid – Has Ribose sugar instead of Deoxyribose and is single- stranded instead of double stranded mRNA—messenger RNA tRNA—transfer RNA rRNA—ribosomal RNA

Transcription DNA mRNA DNA bases mRNA bases Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Uracil

Write the Complimentary RNA Strand to the DNA strands below ATGCGGATACATCCGATCGATGCAAT TGACGGACACTTACAGATTCTGTGAG GAGCATTAGCAGGACTGCACGATATT GTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGT

Transcription Review DNAmRNA

Translation mRNAProteins mRNA travels to the Ribosomes, where it is translated into AMINO ACIDS mRNA is read in groups of 3-nucleotides called Codons – AUG = 1 codon – CAU = 1 codon

Each codon codes for 1 amino acid, which is matched by a tRNA molecule. The tRNA translates the message from mRNA into a specific chain of amino acids

Codon Wheel of Amino Acids

A chain of amino acids = 1 protein The order of the amino acids determines the type of protein created

Amino Acids Essential Amino Acids—We have to obtain from food – Isoleucine – Leucine – Lysine – Methionine – Phenylalanine – Threonine – Tryptophan – Valine Non-Essential Amino Acids—body produces – Alanine – Aspargine – Aspartic Acid – Cysteine – Glutamic Acid – Glutamine – Glycine – Proline – Serine – Tyrosine – Arginine – Histidine

Construct the amino acid chain from the following mRNA strands AUGCGGAUACAUCCGAUCGAUGCAAUCAUGCAU AUGCGGACACUUACAGAUUCUGUGAGUCUCAAC

Transcribe the following DNA sequence to mRNA, divide into triplet codons, then translate the sequence to Amino Acids. TACGATGCCATGCTGAGCTTGACCGCATCTAGGACTATGCA

DNA Mutations Point Mutation – Substitution of a single base AUG CUG GAA CGA CUG UGA AUG CUG GAG CGA CUG UGA Frameshift Mutation – Insertion or deletion of a single base AUG CUG GAA CGA CUG UGA AUG CUG AAC GAC UGU GA » OR AUG CUG GUA ACG ACU GUG A