Nuclear. The Power of the Nucleus Atomic Structure Most Chemistry – deals with electronsMost Chemistry – deals with electrons ATOMS/ELEMENTSATOMS/ELEMENTS.

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Presentation transcript:

Nuclear

The Power of the Nucleus

Atomic Structure Most Chemistry – deals with electronsMost Chemistry – deals with electrons ATOMS/ELEMENTSATOMS/ELEMENTS –Differ by number of protons IONSIONS –Differ by number of electrons ISOTOPESISOTOPES –Differ by number of neutrons NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY –Deals with changes of the nucleus

Discovery of the Neutron James Chadwick bombarded beryllium-9 with alpha particles, carbon-12 atoms were formed, and neutrons were emitted. + + Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter 3rd Edition, page 764

Alpha, Beta, Gamma Rays Lead block Radioactive substance Electrically charged plates Photographic plate  rays  rays  rays (negative charge) (positive charge) (no charge) (+) (-) Aligning slot (detecting screen)

Types of Radiation TypeSymbolChargeMass (amu) Alpha particle Beta particle Positron Gamma ray 00

Absorption of Radiation Timberlake, Chemistry 7 th Edition, page 84

Absorption of Radiation Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry  2002, page 625   

New Radioactive Isotope Timberlake, Chemistry 7 th Edition, page 92

Alpha Decay Timberlake, Chemistry 7 th Edition, page 87

Beta Decay Timberlake, Chemistry 7 th Edition, page 90

Alpha and Beta Emission Alpha Decay Beta Decay

Alpha and Beta Emission

Fisson - Unstable Isotopes Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A World of Choices 1999, page 439

Unstable Nucleus Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry  2002, page 620

Fissionable U-235

Fission Process Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry  2002, page 620

Fission Process Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry  2002, page 620

Stages of Fission Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A World of Choices 1999, page 454 First stage: 1 fission Second stage: 2 fissions Third stage: 4 fissions

Nuclear Fusion Sun + + Four hydrogen nuclei (protons) Two beta particles (electrons) One helium nucleus + Energy

Conservation of Mass …mass is converted into energy Hydrogen (H 2 ) H = amu Helium (He) He = amu FUSION 2 H 2  1 He + ENERGY amu x amu = amu amu This relationship was discovered by Albert Einstein E = mc 2 Energy= (mass) (speed of light) 2

Nuclear Fusion (Positron)

Cold Fusion Fraud? Experiments must be repeatable to be valid Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischman