CELLS Chapter 7.1

CELL BIOLOGISTS Anton van Leeuwenhoek - Dutch lens maker who developed the first simple microscope Anton van Leeuwenhoek - Dutch lens maker who developed the first simple microscope

CELL BIOLOGISTS Robert Hooke - English scientist Robert Hooke - English scientist

First coined the word “cells” First coined the word “cells”after looking at cork.

CELL BIOLOGISTS Matthias Schleiden - German Botanist who studied plant cells Matthias Schleiden - German Botanist who studied plant cells

CELL BIOLOGISTS Theodor Schwann - German Zoologist - studied animal cells Theodor Schwann - German Zoologist - studied animal cells

CELL BIOLOGISTS Rudolf Virchow Rudolf Virchow –German physician –New cells could be produced only from the division of existing cells rudolfvirchow.net/

CELL THEORY: 1. All living things are made of cells

2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function 3. Cells come from other cells

TYPES OF CELLS Prokaryotic - cells with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles Prokaryotic - cells with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles very simple very simple cells cells bacteria, some bacteria, some blue-green blue-green algae algae

Eukaryotic - cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic - cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles complex cells complex cells animal, plant, fungi, animal, plant, fungi, protist protist

Unicellular Organisms ONE- celled organisms which ONE- celled organisms which –Grow –Respond to environment –Transform energy –Reproduce –Ex: Volvox aureus

Multicellular Organism Organisms made up of MANY cells Organisms made up of MANY cells –Different kinds of cells are SPECIALIZED to perform particular functions within the organism –Ex: muscles cells, nerve cells, guard cells, red blood cells…

Typical Cell?

Levels of Organization Observed in Multicellular Organisms Observed in Multicellular Organisms Cells- of similar type work together to form  Cells- of similar type work together to form  Tissues- grouped together to form  Tissues- grouped together to form  Organs- work together as part of Organs- work together as part of Organ System- group of organs working together to perform a specific function Organ System- group of organs working together to perform a specific function Organism- all systems working together Organism- all systems working together

CELL STRUCTURE Plasma Membrane selectively permeable selectively permeable separates cell from its environment separates cell from its environment composed of lipid bilayer with embedded proteins composed of lipid bilayer with embedded proteins

CELL STRUCTURE Nucleus surrounded by nuclear envelope surrounded by nuclear envelope contains genetic information (chromosomes), contains genetic information (chromosomes), “brain” of the cell “brain” of the cell

Nucleolus Inside the nucleus Inside the nucleus Makes ribosomes Makes ribosomes

CELL STRUCTURE Cytoplasm Composed mostly of water Composed mostly of water Has salts, sugars, proteins and other materials suspended in it Has salts, sugars, proteins and other materials suspended in it Colloid consistency Colloid consistency

CELL STRUCTURES Organelles - Mitochondria Powerhouse of the Powerhouse of the cell cell Contains its own DNA Contains its own DNA Can reproduce when cell energy demands Can reproduce when cell energy demands increase increase Converts glucose to Converts glucose to other energy forms other energy forms

The Mighty

Only in plant, algae, Only in plant, algae, and some bacterial and some bacterial cells cells Convert the sun’s energy to glucose Convert the sun’s energy to glucose Composed of “solar collectors” called grana Composed of “solar collectors” called grana Contain chlorophyll pigment Contain chlorophyll pigment Chloroplast

Ribosomes Protein manufacturing site Protein manufacturing site Young cells have many more than older cells Young cells have many more than older cells

Network of tubes Network of tubes that transport that transport materials within materials within the cell and to the the cell and to the cell surface for cell surface for release release smooth and rough e.r. smooth and rough e.r. Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth ER Manufactures and transports lipids within the cell Manufactures and transports lipids within the cell

Rough E.R. Rough in appearance due to presence of ribosomes Rough in appearance due to presence of ribosomes Manufactures and transports proteins to cell surface for release Manufactures and transports proteins to cell surface for release

Golgi Apparatus Packages and Packages and processes cellular materials and prepares them for shipment processes cellular materials and prepares them for shipment

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosome Site of cell digestion Site of cell digestion Contains digestive enzymes Contains digestive enzymes Called “suicide Called “suicide sacs” sacs” Responsible for Responsible for cell destruction cell destruction

Vacuole Used by cells to store nutrients, wastes, and cellular products; water storage Used by cells to store nutrients, wastes, and cellular products; water storage

Vesicles Used by cells to temporarily store cellular products (such as hormones and enzymes) before release from the cell Used by cells to temporarily store cellular products (such as hormones and enzymes) before release from the cell

Centrioles Found only in animal Found only in animal cells cells Used during cellular reproduction to help separate chromosomes evenly Used during cellular reproduction to help separate chromosomes evenly

Cytoskeleton Protein filaments Protein filaments which act as scaffolding to which act as scaffolding to support cellular components support cellular components Major component of cilia and flagella Major component of cilia and flagella

Cilia and Flagella Structures used for locomotion of organism or transportation of materials Structures used for locomotion of organism or transportation of materials

Plastids Found only in plant cells Found only in plant cells Used to store plant materials Used to store plant materials Chromoplasts - color Chromoplasts - color Chloroplasts – Chloroplasts – chlorophyll chlorophyll Leucoplasts – starch Leucoplasts – starch

Cell Wall Found in plants, fungi, and some bacteria Found in plants, fungi, and some bacteria NOT found in animal cells NOT found in animal cells Made of cellulose, chitin or some other carbohydrate Made of cellulose, chitin or some other carbohydrate Rigid, provide strength, support, protection Rigid, provide strength, support, protection Like armor for the plant cell Like armor for the plant cell