PIA 3090 COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Week Six: Socialization, Motivation and Values

The Main Event  Golden Oldies  Literary Map  The Grand Synthesis

PERSONS OF THE WEEK  David Osborne and Ted Gabler  John Armstrong  Question: Can Bureaucracy be reformed?  David Osborne

Administrative Culture: Overview  Socialization and Bureaucratic Behavior  The Concept of political and Administrative Culture  A mixture of elite and mass culture

THESIS  Political Culture can predict political behavior  Culture limits the action of citizens and administrators, channels demands and excludes certain possible policy options

The Concept of Political Culture a. People are tied to a unique web of historical experiences b. Assumption: From the general culture one can extract out the salient aspects of that culture that relate to political behavior and administrative traditions

Danish Political Culture: Re. Housing Sub-Cultures Groups 1, 2 and 4 constitute the traditional political culture, also found in the labour movement, Groups 3 and 6 constitute a user-oriented political culture based on functional participation in single issues; whereas group 7 contains the very active political elite.

The Concept Continued c. Organizational Culture is a sub- set of broader cultural assumptions d. In looking for evidence of a political or an administrative culture we are looking for a set of representative values for the people of that society

Organizational Culture: The Ideal Type

Two Assumptions 1. Many cultures: regional, administrative, ethnic, professional, etc. including hierarchy of values 2. These are effected by historical origin, race, gender, education, region, etc.

The Key Three dimensions of Culture

Three components of Culture a. Information and Measurable Understanding b. Beliefs and Values c. Emotions

Components of Culture

The Cognitive Dimension- What people know. a. The set of historical and cultural information to which any native of the society is automatically tuned in b. All societies have their peculiarities which are part of their political culture

The Evaluative Dimension- Not the is but the what ought to be a. What is good and bad b. U.S.- Military service good, welfare cheaters bad

Evaluation

Emotive

The Emotive Dimension- The emotional attachment that people have to their political system a. Symbolism and myth, anthems and flags b. Provides the strength of values c. Nationalism- “My country right or wrong”

Socialization 1. Process by which political attitudes are formed and maintained 2. Acquisition of values, beliefs, and knowledge about the political system on both the individual and community level 3. Cultural transmission across generations- the introduction of new generations to the beliefs and values of the old

Socialization

The Way Things Are Learned  May be cognitive, evaluative or emotional  Vague Patriotic image- eg. U.S. paternal- President as "super-friend" and father image (shattered by Watergate and post- Watergate- See Bob Woodward’s Books About Bush (and Tina Fey’s Sarah Palin)  Societal and community definitions  Personal identification with government

Values and Learning  SNL  “Bob Woodward Arrested for Treason” (Fake)

Socialization- Continued 1.Can be a conscious or an unconscious effort- as to how attitudes towards policy are formed 2.Issue of Cultural Engineering- Ideological and explicit 3.Revolutionary & Developmental Societies- Ideological and explicit

Cultural Engineering

Socialization- Continued  U.S. and Western Europe- mostly indirect (Instrumental and implicit)  Often hidden within a pragmatic, fairly loose value system

Europe and Class

The Crux of the Issue Socialization: Mass vs. elite (vs. Organizational) socialization

Class and Governance  Derk Jan Eppink:

Levels of Socialization a. Primary- Most important: occurs within the family b. Secondary- Everything else before adulthood, school, peers, national and regional- it is here that cultural engineering occurs c. Tertiary- Professional and Organizational- Begins with University. Issue how specialization of bureaucratic elites is related to socialization and education

Socialization and Public Service  Discussion:  John Armstrong- The European Administrative Elite

Europe 2006

Armstrong’s Thesis Asynchronous Comparison Status, Role Theory and Counter-Roles Socialization and the Diffusion of Development Doctrines The Prefect as Territorial Administrator and role in Development Intervention Back to Reality: Guinea’s Prefect as a Rent-Seeking Predator

Values and Motivation: Redeux 1. Theory X vs. Theory Y 2. Maslov’s Hierarchy: Basic needs, social needs and ego needs 3. Application of Theories of Motivation outside the U.S. Case Study (China, Korea, South Africa and Brazil) 4. The Special problem of Fragile and Collapsed states. 5. The Importance of a Motivation Country in a Country Such as Guinea

Assumption  Political, Administrative Culture and Socialization have a major impact on organizational behavior.  Question to Return to: Can we Re- invent Government given Premises about Socialization. (Osborne and Gabler)