What Shapes Human Behaviour

Key Words Key People Key Words Key People Acclimation adjustments Acclimation adjustments Agents of socialization Agents of socialization Behavioural adjustments Behavioural adjustments Conflict perspective Conflict perspective Functionist perspective Functionist perspective Metacognition Metacognition Symbolic-interactionist perspective Symbolic-interactionist perspective Diana Baumrind Diana Baumrind Charles Cooley Charles Cooley Erik Erikson Erik Erikson Carol Gilligan Carol Gilligan Lawrence Kohlberg Lawrence Kohlberg George H. Mead George H. Mead Karl Marx Karl Marx Jean Piaget Jean Piaget

Anthropological Answer

Genetics and the Environment What do you think about our behaviour? What do you think about our behaviour? Are we are who we are because of the way we were made or because of the way we were raised and the environment around us? Are we are who we are because of the way we were made or because of the way we were raised and the environment around us? What about Identical Twins? (Page 98) What about Identical Twins? (Page 98)

Genetics and the Environment Genetic Factors – Making you, you. -From birth to adulthood, we grow because of genetics. -What do I mean? -Genes determine certain physical things about you Genetic Factors – Making you, you. -From birth to adulthood, we grow because of genetics. -What do I mean? -Genes determine certain physical things about you -Inherited traits, guesses on height, hair colour, etc. -Inherited traits, guesses on height, hair colour, etc.

What about Environmental Factors Anthropologists acknowledge the impact of the environment. Certain factors affected humanity and created “Behavioural Adjustments.” Anthropologists acknowledge the impact of the environment. Certain factors affected humanity and created “Behavioural Adjustments.” People in extremely cold environments change behaviours to adapt. People in extremely cold environments change behaviours to adapt.

Inuit live in severe cold. They had to adapt. -Use what they have. (What do they have?) -Igloos, warm clothing Inuit live in severe cold. They had to adapt. -Use what they have. (What do they have?) -Igloos, warm clothing People in the tropics do not need cold protection. The opposite problem is true. People in the tropics do not need cold protection. The opposite problem is true.

Acclimation Adjustments In the cold, body needs to stay warm. -Basal Metabolic Rate (the amount of energy each person uses). -More energy, produces more body heat. In the cold, body needs to stay warm. -Basal Metabolic Rate (the amount of energy each person uses). -More energy, produces more body heat. In the heat, body needs to stay cool. -How does the body stay cool? In the heat, body needs to stay cool. -How does the body stay cool? In the heat, shelter is for a different reason. Clothing is quite different In the heat, shelter is for a different reason. Clothing is quite different

Psychological Answer

Nature vs. Nurture Psychologists look at the brain and how we think, make decisions, etc. Psychologists look at the brain and how we think, make decisions, etc. Used to be a debate about the two aspects (genetics/heredity and environment) or the other. Different argument now. How much do each affect our behaviour? Used to be a debate about the two aspects (genetics/heredity and environment) or the other. Different argument now. How much do each affect our behaviour?

What is Heredity? Physical Characteristics Physical Characteristics Intellectual Characteristics Intellectual Characteristics -Height -Weight -Obesity -Tone of Voice -Blood Pressure -Tooth Decay -Athletic Ability -Firmness of handshake -Age of death -Activity level -Memory -Ability as measured on intelligence tests intelligence tests -Reading disability -Mental retardation

Emotional Characteristics and Disorders -Shyness -Extraversion -Emotionality -Neuroticism -Schizhophrenia -Anxiety -Alcoholism Emotional Characteristics and Disorders -Shyness -Extraversion -Emotionality -Neuroticism -Schizhophrenia -Anxiety -Alcoholism

Stages of Fetal Development Germinal Period Germinal Period Embryonic Period Embryonic Period Critical Period Critical Period Eight to Sixteen Weeks Eight to Sixteen Weeks Sixteen to Eighteen Weeks Sixteen to Eighteen Weeks Eighteen to Twenty-four Weeks Eighteen to Twenty-four Weeks Twenty-fourth week Twenty-fourth week Twenty-eighth week Twenty-eighth week

Environmental factors affecting fetal development What do you think? What do you think?

Environmental Influences on a Child’s Development Studies have shown that quick bonding with caregivers lead to more social and emotional development. What about culture though? Studies have shown that quick bonding with caregivers lead to more social and emotional development. What about culture though? What about parenting? -Diana Baumrind has identified three types of parent: 1. Authoritarian 2. Permissive 3. Authoritative What about parenting? -Diana Baumrind has identified three types of parent: 1. Authoritarian 2. Permissive 3. Authoritative

Psychosocial Development Erik Erikson has developed a theory called “eight stages of psychosocial development.” He sees them as a series of Conflict resolutions. Erik Erikson has developed a theory called “eight stages of psychosocial development.” He sees them as a series of Conflict resolutions. 1.Trust vs. Mistrust. Birth to 18 months 1.Trust vs. Mistrust. Birth to 18 months 2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt. 18 months to three years 2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt. 18 months to three years 3. Initiative versus guilt. 3 to 6 years 3. Initiative versus guilt. 3 to 6 years

4. Industry vs. inferiority years. 4. Industry vs. inferiority years. 5. Identity vs. role confusion. Adolescence 5. Identity vs. role confusion. Adolescence 6. Intimacy vs. isolation. Early adulthood. 6. Intimacy vs. isolation. Early adulthood. 7. Generativity vs. stagnation. Middle adulthood 7. Generativity vs. stagnation. Middle adulthood 8. Ego integrity vs. despair. Old age. 8. Ego integrity vs. despair. Old age. All of these are impacted by the way we were brought up and experiences we have. All of these are impacted by the way we were brought up and experiences we have.

Work Page 100 #1-4 Page 100 #1-4 Page 102 #1-3 -Number 3 will be a quick powerpoint so collect a lot of pictures. Page 102 #1-3 -Number 3 will be a quick powerpoint so collect a lot of pictures. Have a good weekend Have a good weekend