Chapter 27 – World War I and Its Aftermath Section 3 – A New Kind of Conflict The Central Powers The Allies Kaiser Wilhelm II Enver Pasha Franz Joseph

Setting the Scene The “Great War” as newspapers soon called it, was the largest conflict in history up to that time. The French mobilized almost 8.5 million men, the British 9 million, the Russians 12 million, and the Germans 11 million. But for those who fought, the statistics were more personal. "One out of every four men who went out to the World War did not come back again," recalled a survivor, "and of those who came back, many are maimed and blind and some are mad." The early enthusiasm for the war soon faded. There were no stirring cavalry charges, no quick and glorious victories. This was a new kind of war, far deadlier than any ever fought before.

I. The Western Front The Germans followed the Schlieffen Plan and swept through Belgium toward Paris

The Tsar, Head of the Russian Army I. The Western Front Russia mobilized quicker than expected and Germany had to shift troops to the Eastern Front The Tsar, Head of the Russian Army

I. The Western Front September 1914 - British and French troops halted the German offensive in the battle of the Marne

I. The Western Front Both sides dug in for the winter, creating a system of trenches from Switzerland to the English Channel

I. The Western Front Battle lines in France remained almost unchanged for four years during the “trench warfare”

Between the opposing trench lines lay "no man's land” I. The Western Front Between the opposing trench lines lay "no man's land”

I. The Western Front Soldiers would go "over the top" and charge across no man's land toward the enemy lines

I. The Western Front The enemy would counterattack and the fighting went back and forth, gaining little territory

I. The Western Front In 1916, German forces attacked the French at Verdun – there were more than a half-million casualties Massacre at Verdun

I. The Western Front In 1916, the Allies launched an offensive at the Somme River - in the 5 month battle, over 1 million soldiers were killed

II. Technology of Modern Warfare Modern weapons - machine guns, larger artillery, and poison gas - added to the destructiveness of the war

II. Technology of Modern Warfare In 1916, Britain introduced the armored tank, but it did little to break the stalemate

II. Technology of Modern Warfare Both sides used airplanes and Germany used zeppelins to bomb the English coast

II. Technology of Modern Warfare German U-boats sank Allied merchant ships carrying supplies to Britain

Russian Troops Fleeing after the Battle of Tannenberg III. A Global Conflict In August 1914, the Russians opened the Eastern Front but were defeated at the Battle of Tannenburg Russian Troops Fleeing after the Battle of Tannenberg

III. A Global Conflict In 1915, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers and Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary and Germany WWI Italian postcard represents Serbia fighting with Austria and Germany, while Bulgaria tries to kill Serbia with a knife and Greece watches from the sideline.

III. A Global Conflict Japan allied with Britain and seized German outposts in China and islands in the Pacific

III. A Global Conflict The Turks closed off the Dardanelles and in 1915, the Allies attacked and lost at Gallipoli

III. A Global Conflict In 1916, Arabs led by Husayn ibn Ali revolted against the Ottoman Empire Sharif Hussein bin Ali, King of the Arabs and King of the Hijaz The Great Arab Revolt, Wadi Rum, 1917

III. A Global Conflict The British sent Colonel T. E. Lawrence - aka Lawrence of Arabia - to support the Arab revolt

European colonies provided troops, laborers, and supplies III. A Global Conflict European colonies provided troops, laborers, and supplies A day for the African army and the Colonial troops. French soldiers with black soldiers from Africa and the colonies