Colonization and Settlement of America

Reasons for Exploration Expanding populations—needed more space Trade increased – merchants wanted access to Asia – spices, silk, porcelain Three G’s—in this order 1. Gold *any riches (gold, silver, resources) Most important to most explorers 2. God *to convert natives 3. Glory *to make a name for themselves

First European explorers to reach the Americas were Vikings – Leif Eriksson – Canada – around 1000 A.D. Christopher Columbus – Caribbean A.D. Spain is first European country to permanently colonize the New World Amerigo Vespucci—first European to map North and South America (1501) Natives were treated poorly – Plantation System – used for agricultural (sugar cane) and mining work (gold and silver)

Smallpox Victim Native populations were devastated by disease

Christopher Columbus Leif Eriksson sights land Amerigo Vespucci

Locations English focused on the Atlantic Coastline of North America Interested in room for expanding population Agriculture Protestant Reformation – Religious Freedom Late entering American colonization due to issues at home

Roanoke Voyages English made 3 voyages to the Outer Banks of North Carolina (1584, 1585, 1587); organized by Sir Walter Raleigh (NC capital named for him) 1 st voyage—named land Virginia 2 nd voyage—found Chesapeake Bay, attempt to create military settlement, ended in violence with local natives 3 rd voyage—The Lost Colony—a colony of men, women, and children led by John White; do not know what happened to them

Jamestown 1st permanent English settlement – Virginia in 1607 John Smith (military leader), John Rolfe (tobacco), Pocahontas (married Rolfe, not Smith) Colony almost did not survive – bad location 1608 – Starving Time 1619 (a big year): House of Burgess (1 st representative assembly), English women arrive, Africans brought as Indentured Servants

John Smith John Rolfe marries Pocahontas Pocahontas

Colonies developed different identities according to climate and charter

The New England Colonies Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New Hampshire

The Middle Colonies New York Delaware New Jersey Pennsylvania

The Southern Colonies Virginia Maryland North Carolina South Carolina Georgia

English Colonies Split into three regions New England (MA, NH,RI,CN) – settled by many people seeking religious freedom –- Economy was based on fishing, lumbering, and shipbuilding Middle Colonies (NY, NJ,PA,DE) ––More of a mix coming for religious freedom and economic opportunities – more diverse backgrounds

13 Colonies Southern Colonies –(MD, VA, NC, SC, GA) mostly came for economic opportunities Economy was based on agriculture – Tobacco, Cotton, Rice, Indigo Georgia – place for debtors and poor to live

Immigrant Groups of the 13 colonies New England Pilgrims - Settled in Massachusetts in 1620 – Plymouth Puritans - Settled in Massachusetts in 1630 – Boston Wanted religious freedom Middle Colonies Catholics Quakers –William Penn More tolerant

Carolina Settled by members of the other colonies. Original settlers English. Granted a private company in 1663 and divided into two colonies in Great place to grow indigo, rice, and tobacco. Name came from the Latin word carolus, meaning “Charles.” Officially became a state on November 21, 1789.

Lords Proprietors – 8 noble supporters of Charles II, awarded Carolina in return for their support – – Bath – first NC town 1710 – New Bern founded – became 1 st capital of NC Three regions 1. Coastal Plain in east 2. Piedmont in central 3. Mountains in west

New Immigration NC becomes royal colony in New settlers 1. Scots-Irish – settled in east 2. Highland Scots – settled in east 3. Germans and Moravians –settled in Piedmont – backcountry Great Wagon Road Moravians – name their land Wachovia 1766 – establish the towns of Bethabara and Salem 4. Africans – brought as slaves – fewer than many other southern colonies

Great Wagon Road

Economy/Social Structure Economy – North Carolina was mostly agricultural. Cash Crops – Tobacco, Rice, and Indigo Naval Stores – tar, pitch, turpentine Trade was difficult due to NC’s lack of roads and difficult waterways. Social Classes 1. Gentry – rich planters, doctors, lawyers 2. Artisans – craftsmen – blacksmith, cobblers 3. Small Farmers – Yeomen – biggest group

4. Indentured Servants – poor people who bought their passage to America with their service. 5. Slaves/Indians Triangle Trade – three-part voyage A. Europe to Africa – manufactured trade goods B. Africa to America (Middle Passage)- slaves C. America to Europe – raw materials (lumber, cotton, tobacco) Growing conflict between Eastern and Western NC over taxes and political power.

Triangle Trade

Early Government in the Colonies English Bill of Rights – limited King’s power; gave representative government (Parliament) more power Representative Government – the people elect representatives to speak for them in government Mayflower Compact – first attempt at self- government in the English colonies Town meetings – first form of American government in which all free men could participate

House of Burgess – first representative government in America Proprietary colony – privately-owned colony Royal colony – government-run colony