THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM
COMPARISON OF ENDOCRINE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS NERVOUS SYSTEM “WIRED” CHEMICAL SIGNAL AT TARGET CELL RAPID BRIEF DURATION CLOSE ANATOMICAL PROXIMITY ENDOCRINE SYSTEM “WIRELESS” CHEMICAL SIGNAL AT TARGET CELL SLOW LONG DURATION SPECIFIC RECEPTORS
WHAT IS A SIGNAL? SEMIOTICS INFORMATION THEORY NERVOUS SYTEM ENDOCRINE PARACRINE ENDOCRINE ANTIBODIES AND OTHER FOREIGN SUBSTANCES PARALLEL PROCESSING
CHEMICAL SIGNALS SIGNALING MOLECULE IS SECRETED TRAVELS FRON ONE SITE TO ANOTHER RECEPTOR AT TARGET BINDING TO RECEPTOR EFFECTS SOME CHANGE
ELEMENTS OF CELL SIGNALLING MECHANISMS SIGNAL MOLECULES RECEPTORS SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
SIGNAL MOLECULES (FIRST MESSENGERS) NEUROTRANSMITTERS HORMONES LOCAL MEDIATORS
EXAMPLES OF SIGNALLING MOLECULES (SEE TABLE 1 IN TEXT)
RECEPTORS CELL MEMBRANE: HYDROPHILIC SIGNAL MOLECULES (POLYPEPTIDES, CATECHOLAMINES) CYTOPLASMIC: HYDROPHOBIC SIGNAL MOLECULES (STEROIDS, VITAMIN D, THYROID HORMONE*) *BOUND TO CARRIER PROTEIN
LIGANDS, AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS LIGANDS BIND TO RECEPTORS IN A SPECIFIC MANNER LIGANDS THAT ELICIT A PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE ARE AGONISTS LIGANDS THAT OCCUPY THE RECEPTOR BUT ELICIT NO RESPONSE ARE ANTAGONISTS (OR “BLOCKERS”)
EXAMPLES OF ANTAGONISTS PROPRANOLOL BLOCKS THE EFFECTS OF CATECHOLAMINES BY BINDING TO THEIR RECEPTORS SPIRONOLACTONE BLOCKS ALDOSTERONE (DIURETIC)
REGULATION OF RECEPTOR QUANTITY AS A CONTROL MECHANISM DESENSITIZATION BY DOWNREGULATION DUE TO INCREASED ANTAGONIST LEVELS INTERNALIZATION OF COMPLEX BY ENDOCYTOSIS RECEPTOR SYNTHESIS (UPREGULATION)
AN EXAMPLE OF RECEPTOR RECYCLING
MEMBRANE RECEPTORS G-PROTEIN RECEPTOR SUPERFAMILY MORE THAN 250 MEMBERS SERPENTINE GLYCOPROTEINS LOOP BACK AND FORTH THROUGH MEMBRANE EXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN: AMINO TERMINAL PEPTIDE AND THREE LOOPS (HYDROPHILIC REGIONS) IN THE MEMBRANE:SEVEN ALPHA HELICES OF ABOUT 25 HYDROPHOBIC AA SEE FIG 8 IN TEXT
CATEGORIES OF HORMONES PEPTIDES AMINES STEROIDS
PEPTIDES HYDROPHILIC DISSOLVED IN PLASMA RECEPTOR ON CELL SURFACE cAMP OR CALCIUM AS SECOND MESSENGERS ACTIVATE SPECIFIC GENES TO INITIATE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
PEPTIDE HORMONES HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY PANREATIC PARATHYROID GI KIDNEY LIVER HEART
AMINES THYROID HORMONE CATECHOLAMINES ALL DERIVED FROM AMINO ACID TYROSINE UNIQUE SYNTHETIC AND SECRETORY PATHWAYS
STEROIDS LIPOPHILIC RECEPTOR IN CYTOPLASM ACTIVATE SPECIFIC GENES TO INITIATE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ADRENAL CORTICAL GONADAL PLACENTAL
PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF HORMONES DEPENDS ON RATE OF SECRETION NEGATIVE FEEDBACK NEUROENDOCRINE REFLEXES DIURNAL RHYTHMS
TYPES OF ENDOCRINE DISORDERS HORMONE EXCESS HORMONE DEFICIENCY DECREASED RESPOSIVENESS OF RECEPTORS
HYPOTHALAMUS AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY HYPOTHALAMUS NEUROSECRETORY NEURONS ANTERIOR PITUITARY POSTERIOR PITUITARY SYSTEMIC ARTERY SYSTEMIC VEIN VASOPRESSIN OXYTOCIN
HYPOTHALAMUS AND ANTERIOR PITUITARY HYPOTHALAMUS NEUROSECRETORY NEURONS ANTERIOR PITUITARY: TSH ACTH PROLACTIN GROWTH HORMONE LH FSH POSTERIOR PITUITARY