Warm up! 1.What is the difference between a nation and a state? 2.What is a nation-state? 3.Where is the cultural hearth of the modern state? 4.Why were European countries interested in being imperialistic? 5.What is the Colombian Exchange? 6.How has nationalism led to countries achieving self determination? 7.What area achieved self determination first, Latin America or Africa? 8.What is the main idea of the core periphery model?

Political Organization and Challenges to Nation States

Centripetal Forces Forces that bind a country together (peace) Examples – Strong national identity from: shared history, language, religion, ethnicity, or cultural traits – Nationalism from unifying symbols, like flags

Centripetal Forces Military service (forced in some countries) Standardized education (everyone shares the same learning and history) A strong economy Economic uniformity throughout the country (don’t have one super rich part of the country)

GDP per capita by province

Centripetal Forces Primate City—Largest, most influential city in a country Can become a symbol of national development and pride – Examples: London, Paris, Seoul (South Korea)

Forward Capital Symbolic relocation of a capital city Usually to a peripheral area to give it more importance Also used to build nationalism Ex.—Brasilia, Brasil,

Karachi to Islamabad in Pakistan

Centrifugal Forces Forces that separate and divide within a country Examples: – Weak national identity (different ethnicities, languages, religions, conflict, economic hardship)

Centrifugal Forces Lack of transportation due to poor infrastructure and lack of communication can also lead to centrifugal disunity Large size and lack of transportation (Russia) Lack of communication because of harsh terrain (Bolivia)

Centrifugal Forces Elongated or fragmented states cause a lack of strong nationality Deep regional divisions (economic disparity)

Devolution The granting of more autonomy (political freedom) to a region of a country Ex.—Canada, Great Britain

Balkanization When countries dissolve, or form new countries Examples: Balkan Peninsula after WWI, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia

Czechoslovakia

Yugoslavia

Scribe, Messenger, Philosopher We will now learn some more about Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, doing the Scribe, messenger, philosopher activity that we tried last class.

Review! 1.What is a centripetal force? 2.Give three examples of centripetal forces. 3.What is a centrifugal force? 4.Give three examples of centrifugal forces. 5.What is devolution? 6.Give a real world example of devolution. 7.What is Balkanization? 8.Give a real world example of Balkanization.