Pathway of Circulation 14 16 14 15 1 7 13 6 6 8 9 5 12 10 2 http://images.medicinenet.com/images/illustrations/heart_valves.jpg http://library.thinkquest.org/2935/Natures_Best/Nat_Best_High_Level/Circulatory_Net_Pages/Circulatory_page.html 3 11 4 1 It takes about 1 min. for blood to make 1 complete cycle And so on…

Cardiovascular Circuits Pulmonary Circuit Systemic Circuit Lung Pulmonary vein Aorta Left atrium ventricle artery Right Vena cava oxygen-poor blood oxygen-rich blood http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cardio2/intro.html

Pulmonary Circulation Takes place on the right side of the heart. Pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs to pick up oxygen and return to heart http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week10/pulmonarycirc.gif http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://acousticheart.com/library/HeartBeatingAnimation.gif&imgrefurl=http://acousticheart.com/learning_heart_and_lung_sounds.html&h=155&w=150&sz=59&hl=en&start=41&um=1&tbnid=XTtO99cxr5BobM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=94&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbeating%2Bheart%2Banimation%26start%3D40%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Systemic Circulation Takes place on left side of heart Oxygenated blood is pumped to the body cells thru the aorta and other arteries Blood low in oxygen returns to the heart http://www.besttreatments.co.uk/btuk/images/circluation_animation.gif http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f22-1_cardiovascular_sy_c.jpg

Coronary Circulation The coronary circulation consists of the blood vessels that supply blood to, and remove blood from the heart muscle itself. Although blood fills the chambers of the heart, the muscle tissue of the heart is so thick that it requires coronary blood vessels to deliver blood deep into the myocardium.

Coronary Circulation The vessels that supply blood high in oxygen to the myocardium are known as coronary arteries. http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v125/J-Kama-Ka-C/jcian/89bd50cf.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fotosearch.com/comp/LIF/LIF125/3D509010.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.fotosearch.com/LIF125/3d509010/&h=300&w=218&sz=19&hl=en&start=66&um=1&tbnid=xw0dlbuUNHVWeM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=84&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcoronary%2Bvessels%26start%3D60%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Blood Vessels Form a closed circuit of tubes that carry blood throughout the body Laid end to end, the blood vessels in an average human body will stretch approximately 62,000 miles……2.5 times around the earth http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.familydoctor.co.uk/htdocs/varicose/images/vari2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.familydoctor.co.uk/htdocs/varicose/varicose_specimen.html&h=405&w=420&sz=33&hl=en&start=9&um=1&tbnid=JTdZjmrqR8xSnM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=125&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dveins%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Blood Vessels Have characteristic features Are distinguished by size, tissue layers and direction of blood flow http://www.colorado.edu/kines/Class/IPHY3430-200/image/figure10b1.jpg

Blood Vessels Arteries Receive blood from ventricles Take blood away from the heart Usually carry oxygenated blood Thickest vessel walls Withstand greater blood pressure Are very elastic Connect to capillaries Aorta is the largest artery http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week10/blood.gif&imgrefurl=http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week10/06circulatorysystem.html&h=540&w=720&sz=70&hl=en&start=129&um=1&tbnid=B1DRAhnggWJN0M:&tbnh=105&tbnw=140&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dblood%2Bmoving%2Banimation%26start%3D120%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Blood Vessels Veins Transport blood away from capillaries Carry blood toward heart Take blood to atria Have valves Thinner vessel walls with less smooth muscles than arteries Can stretch a great deal Have larger diameters Usually carry de-oxygenated blood Vena cava is the largest vein http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week10/veins.gif

Blood Vessels The contraction of muscles compressing veins helps push blood up through the leg veins back to the heart. The valves allow the blood to flow towards the heart only. Calf muscle relaxed contracts Muscle squeezes veins Veins constrict; blood moves; valves open Veins dialated; blood still; valves closed Valves OPEN CLOSED http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.familydoctor.co.uk/htdocs/varicose/images/vari2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.familydoctor.co.uk/htdocs/varicose/varicose_specimen.html&h=405&w=420&sz=33&hl=en&start=9&um=1&tbnid=JTdZjmrqR8xSnM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=125&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dveins%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN http://www.merck.com/media/mmhe2/figures/fg036_1.gif

Blood Vessels Capillaries Smallest of blood vessels Only one cell thick (epithelial cell) Connect arteries to veins Bring oxygen and nutrients to cells Removes CO2, urea, and other wastes from cells Where blood is under low pressure and moving slowly http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week10/blood.gif&imgrefurl=http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week10/06circulatorysystem.html&h=540&w=720&sz=70&hl=en&start=129&um=1&tbnid=B1DRAhnggWJN0M:&tbnh=105&tbnw=140&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dblood%2Bmoving%2Banimation%26start%3D120%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Blood Vessels A network of capillaries runs close to the cells in every part of the body. The capillaries have very thin walls which allows nutrients to diffuse through into the tissues and waste products to filter back into the capillaries. Arteriole Venule Tissue cells Vein Artery capillaries Capillaries http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/ADN_animation.gif&imgrefurl=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Print_Version&h=313&w=181&sz=1029&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=PQleQxY_3NWqoM:&tbnh=117&tbnw=68&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvasoconstriction%2Banimation%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

C B O L M O P O A D R I V S E O S N S E O L F S http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/Cardiovascular%20System.htm

Blood Pressure Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cardio1/intro.html http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ghi.com/WebMD/topics/bloodpressure.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ghi.com/topic.aspx%3Fpage%3D431&h=277&w=280&sz=15&hl=en&start=9&um=1&tbnid=NV2YaD04Z170UM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=114&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dblood%2Bpressure%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/Circulatory%20System/circulat.htm The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as blood moves through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

Blood Pressure Blood pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) It uses the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.made-in-china.com/image/2f0j00taTEkUuFDQBGM/Outdoor-Type-Aneroid-Sphygmomanometer-HS-20J-.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.made-in-china.com/showroom/wzhongshun/product-detailmJQEcfYjzneT/China-Outdoor-Type-Aneroid-Sphygmomanometer-HS-20J-.html&h=360&w=360&sz=28&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=gKyz70t1njnlDM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsphygmomanometer%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN http://www.ec.gc.ca/MERCURY/images/products/sphygmomanometer.jpg Average blood pressure for an adult is 120/80

Blood Pressure Systolic pressure is defined as the maximum pressure in the arteries exerted during ventricular contraction (which occurs near the beginning of the cardiac cycle) Diastolic pressure is the minimum pressure exerted when ventricles relax and fill (at the resting phase or end of the cardiac cycle) Blood pressure readings = S/D http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.i-am-pregnant.com/images/blood-pressure.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.i-am-pregnant.com/encyclopedia/B/Blood-Pressure/&h=380&w=225&sz=18&hl=en&start=28&um=1&tbnid=jw5mPFWP8_9MQM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=73&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dblood%2Bpressure%26start%3D20%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Blood Pressure Pressure waves move through the blood vessels A person's pulse is the throbbing of their arteries as an effect of the pressure waves (heart beat) Pulse is used to denote the frequency of the heart beat It can be felt at neck, wrist, and other places Pulse is usually measured in beats per minute. In most people, the pulse is an accurate measure of heart rate. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.la.ngb.army.mil/eprp/EPRP/doc%2520photos/Pulse%2520wrist.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.la.ngb.army.mil/eprp/measuring%2520heart%2520rate.htm&h=396&w=535&sz=26&hl=en&start=10&um=1&tbnid=ridL2adbm6raDM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=132&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dheart%2Brate%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Blood Pressure vasodialation Vasoconstricion and Vasoconstriction is narrowing of a blood vessel. When a blood vessel constricts, the flow of blood is restricted or slowed. Blood pressure will increase Vasodilatation is where blood vessels in the body become wider following relaxation of smooth muscle in vessel wall. This will reduce blood pressure - since there is more room for the blood. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://healthgate.partners.org/images/si55551286_ma.jpg&imgrefurl=http://healthgate.partners.org/browsing/LearningCenter.asp%3FfileName%3D11600.xml%26title%3DRaynauds%2520Disease%2520and%2520Phenomenon&h=254&w=390&sz=12&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=k12FOm5gpqvdrM:&tbnh=80&tbnw=123&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dblood%2Bvessel%2Bconstriction%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://medicalimages.allrefer.com/thumbnails/vasocontriction.jpg&imgrefurl=http://health.allrefer.com/health/vasoconstriction-pictures-images.html&h=60&w=60&sz=2&hl=en&start=107&um=1&tbnid=AfpLiT0qzoW63M:&tbnh=60&tbnw=60&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dblood%2Bvessel%2Bconstriction%26start%3D100%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN http://www.economy-class.co.uk/images/anim_flow_slow_veinstockings_ec.gif

Blood The life stream of the body, affecting every cell and system we have. The blood is an accumulation of many different elements, each working in a specific way to keep us alive. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://tuberose.com/Graphics/blood.jpg&imgrefurl=http://tuberose.com/Blood.html&h=496&w=504&sz=62&hl=en&start=285&um=1&tbnid=KyERLsAEAXH4eM:&tbnh=128&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dblood%2Bcells%26start%3D280%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Blood A circulating connective tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mybloodyourblood.org/images/hs_images/red%2520blood%2520cell%25201.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.mybloodyourblood.org/hs_video.htm&h=965&w=1276&sz=93&hl=en&start=45&um=1&tbnid=uDmHPU1weRgIbM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dblood%2Bcells%26start%3D40%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=91871&rendTypeId=34

Blood Functions of blood: Supply oxygen to tissues Supply nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and fatty acids to tissues Removal of wastes such as CO2 , urea and lactic acid from tissues Immunological functions, including circulation of white cells, and detection of foreign material by antibodies

Blood Functions of blood continued: Messenger functions, including transport of hormones and signaling of tissue Coagulation, part of body's self-repair mechanism Regulation of core body temperature Regulation of body pH and ion concentrations http://www.rheology.org/sor/publications/Rheology_B/Jul04/FlowingRedBloodCells.jpg

Blood What percent of your body is blood? 8% How much blood do we contain? On average 4-6 liters We contain about a pint of blood for every 15 pounds of body weight Composition of Blood: What percent of your blood is cellular? What percent of your blood is plasma? 8% http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://tuberose.com/Graphics/blood.jpg&imgrefurl=http://tuberose.com/Blood.html&h=496&w=504&sz=62&hl=en&start=285&um=1&tbnid=KyERLsAEAXH4eM:&tbnh=128&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dblood%2Bcells%26start%3D280%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN 45% 55%

Layering of blood components in a centrifuged blood sample What is plasma? A clear, straw colored fluid What percent of plasma is water? What’s in plasma? Buffy coat leukocytes and platelets (<1% of whole blood) Erythrocytes (45% of whole blood) Plasma (55% of whole blood) Formed elements 90% Dissolved gasses Vitamins Minerals Salts Nutrients Enzymes Hormones Waste products Plasma proteins Layering of blood components in a centrifuged blood sample

Blood The cellular components are: red blood cells (erythrocytes) white blood cells (leukocytes) platelets (thrombocytes) Blood cells are formed in bone marrow http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.schneiderchildrenshospital.org/peds_html_fixed/images/ei_0062.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.schneiderchildrenshospital.org/peds_html_fixed/peds/hrnewborn/ovrblood.htm&h=550&w=530&sz=31&hl=en&start=103&um=1&tbnid=orcMjr9TtXenHM:&tbnh=133&tbnw=128&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dspongy%2Bbone%26start%3D100%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN

Blood B L O D C E F O R M A T I N http://www.gpc.edu/~jaliff/blcells.gif http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week10/blood.gif

Blood Red Blood Cell Characteristics (RBC)- Erythrocyte Biconcave disks No nucleus Contain the iron based pigment hemoglobin which binds with oxygen to transport it Life span about 120 days 5 billion/1mL of blood = most numerous Are very small

Blood To the right is a Wright's stained peripheral blood smear under 1000 X magnification. The average size of a red blood cell is 7.2 micrometers in diameter. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.academic.marist.edu/~jzmz/HematologyI/Intro8.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.academic.marist.edu/~jzmz/HematologyI/Intro8.html&h=521&w=783&sz=85&hl=en&start=108&um=1&tbnid=0zZuo_wuu-r5UM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dblood%2Bcells%26start%3D100%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN To the right is an artist's drawing showing the biconcave shape of the red blood cell.

Blood How RBC’s transport oxygen....Hemoglobin .…the iron containing pigment http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.lifespan.org/adam/graphics/images/en/19510.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.lifespan.org/adam/healthillustratedencyclopedia/2/19510.html&h=320&w=400&sz=25&hl=en&start=160&um=1&tbnid=HcRcCSZeJjNCoM:&tbnh=99&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dblood%2Bcells%26start%3D140%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN Hemoglobin makes red blood cells red

Blood White Blood Cell Characteristics (WBC)- Leukocyte No definite shape Have nucleus Protect body against infection Life span varies (3 days-a few months) http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.itb.cnr.it/flex/images/D.0ce220a1911164afd50b/boraschi_1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.itb.cnr.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php3/L/UK/IDPagina/86/UT/systemPrint&h=334&w=450&sz=31&hl=en&start=8&um=1&tbnid=fX12w-H631c2EM:&tbnh=94&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmacrophages%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN 7,000/1mL of blood Numbers increase if infection is present Larger than RBC’s

Blood Types of white blood cells: Monocytes are the largest Neutrophils are the most numerous Lymphocytes are produced by the lymph tissue Basophils release histamines

Blood Types of white blood cells: When a cell undergoes apoptosis, programmed cell death, white blood cells called macrophages consume cell debris. The role of a macrophage is to phagocytize (engulf and then digest) cellular debris and pathogens. http://www.colorado.edu/kines/Class/IPHY3430-200/image/figure11a.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week10/blood.gif&imgrefurl=http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week10/06circulatorysystem.html&h=540&w=720&sz=70&hl=en&start=129&um=1&tbnid=B1DRAhnggWJN0M:&tbnh=105&tbnw=140&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dblood%2Bmoving%2Banimation%26start%3D120%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB:1969-53,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/apoptosismacrophage.jpg;jsessionid=D41169A2FDEA5FD633E8456DB9ADDADD