Chapter 19: Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean 1500 1750 The Ottoman Empire The Safavid Empire The Mughal Empire

Ottoman Empire Mongol invasion of Turkey in 1243 led to the downfall of the Seljuk Turks and the rise of the Ottomon Turks Ottomans migrated into “Anatolia” (Turkey) Named after their leader Osman Bey By the late 14th century they controlled much of the Balkans 1453 Ottomans conquered Constantinople then became Istanbul Christian Church of Hagia Sophia was converted to a mosque Major naval power until 1571 when they were defeated by the Spanish at the Battle of Lepanto

Ottoman Society Focused on warfare and composed of soldiers called Janissaries Christian boys caught and enslaved Sometimes turned over by their parents Selection process of placing boys in Turkish families was called DEVSHIRME Women had little opportunity to gain education or participate in society

Ottoman Decline 17th century the empire was too big to control Taxes became to high Fell behind Western Europe in technology

The Safavid Empire 1502-1722 Persia = Iran = Safavid Empire Ismail declares himself “Shah” in 1502 and orders his followers to adopt shi’ite Islam Relied on Islam as a defining part of their culture Isfahan (inland city) and Istanbul (port city) important commerce areas Afghanistan's captured the city and ended Safavid rule in 1722

Safavid Empire

Religion and Society Converted to Shi’ite Islam making a permanent difference between Iran and the rest of the Arab nations and adopted the concept of the “Hidden Imam” Persian and Arab literature and decorative styles had been diverging since the 10th century Women were seldom seen in public but records show they were active in the real estate market and appeared in court cases.

Istanbul vs. Isfahan Istanbul Isfahan Inland city Very few Europeans Port city- Colony of European Merchants City built for walking—small roads—irregular streets—used by artisans and merchants Women seldomly in public Some Ottoman women work in real-estate Cosmopolitan type city Inland city Very few Europeans City built for walking Not Cosmopolitan-small Armenian group of merchants

Istanbul Isfahan

Hindu vs. Muslims in Mughal India Growing tensions between the two groups Only 14% of Hindus hold government offices Akbar-Leader of the Empire seeks tranquility of the Muslims and Hindus Takes throne at 13 years old Commands the Army by age 20 Worked to heal the tension of the Hindus and the Muslims Married Hindu Rajput Princess Also reduces taxation for Hindus

Mughal India 1528, Babur, a descendant of Mongols and Turks, migrated to India to establish Mughal India Used his superior technology of gunpowder to conquer India Greatest leader was Akbar (1560 – 1605) Brought Northern and central India under control Encouraged cooperation of Muslims and Hindus Outlawed “sati” for women Encouraged woman to break “purdah” (confinement to their homes) Known for architecture Taj Mahal built by Shah Jahan Cost of warfare added to the downfall Unable to make Hindu’s and Muslims cooperate Decline of centralized authority opened the door for British colonization

Trade Empires in the Indian Ocean Islam spread to port cities in Southeast Asia and the port cities of the East Indies Portuguese conquered the Swahili coast from the Muslim Arabs The Dutch took the Malacca from the Portuguese in 1641 because they were more organized The Dutch lost their monopoly on the spice trade and turned to lumber and coffee.