Instructor: Jerry Fugate Office: 218B Jackson Hall Welcome to Biology 103 ! Instructor: Jerry Fugate Office: 218B Jackson Hall

Biology 103 - Main points/Questions Things to understand the first day. What are we talking about this term? What do you remember from 101 & 102? Do all organisms reproduce like humans?

What do you remember from 101 (102?)? Emergent property Can you remember what this term means and an example from biology?

Terminology: Emergent property A property of a complex system that appears as a result of interactions between the components of the system.

These tiles all have properties – shape, texture, color, size, strength… Fig. 1.2, p. 4

Emergent Properties: Biological examples are common: Starch and Cellulose

Cellulose – an indigestible fiber that builds plant cell walls

Starch – an easily digested energy storage molecule. Starch grains in a plant chloroplast

Emergent Properties: Biology is full of emergent properties because there are many layers of complexity – the hierarchy of biology!

More from 101&102 Emergent property ✔ Biological Hierarchy - what do we mean by this?

This term we will focus on the intermediate levels of organization Tissues Organs Organ systems & Organisms

We will using humans as a starting point

Some Human Organ Systems Each one has emergent properties!

Each organ system has an important role in building the organism that you are! We will focus on reproduction first – but not just in humans.

Compare & Contrast Think of three or four ways plants and animals are similar Think of three or four ways plants and animals are different

Plants have many of the same needs as animals Gas exchange Circulation Nutrition Support... How do organisms build the properties they need?

We build more and more complex assemblies… so do plants!

Plants have complex organization including Tissues Organs Organ systems Figure: 24-1 top Title: Flowering plant structure top Caption: A flowering plant consists of root and shoot systems. The highly branched root system includes microscopic root hairs that increase the surface area for nutrient absorption. The shoot system includes stems (from which branches grow), with buds and leaves. In the appropriate season, the shoot may bear flowers and fruit. Our model plant is a dicot.

More from 101 & 102 Emergent property✔ Biological Hierarchy✔ Natural Selection – what do you remember about how this works?

Relatively constant resources and population size over time Potential for rapid reproduction Competition for survival and reproduction Variability in structures and behaviors NATURAL SELECTION: On the average, the fittest organisms leave the most offspring Some variability is inherited EVOLUTION: The genetic makeup of the population changes over time, driven by natural selection Observation Conclusion based on observation

On scratch paper write: Your name. What was your favorite part of biology so far (where did you take it?) Thing you are most interested about in this class. Why are you taking this class (prereq? general requirement…? Major..?)

Organizing life into categories We sort organisms according to apparent similarities – homologies Domains are the broadest categories Bacteria, Archaea & Eukarya Kingdoms are the next broadest Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

More from 101 & 102 Emergent property✔ Biological Hierarchy✔ Natural Selection✔ Domain & Kingdom

Modern classification scheme Three domains – do you remember them? Bacteria - diverse prokaryotes Archea - little studied prokaryotes, many live in extreme environments. Eukarya - cells with nucleus and mitochondria Animals Plants Fungi Others... (protista)

eukaryotic cell! prokaryotic cell!

Modern classification scheme This term focus on the Eukarya (kingdoms?) Animals Plants Fungi Others... (protista) We focus mostly on organisms with complex multicellularity…

Complex Multicellularity cell specialization different cells use different genes different genes are activated during development intercellular coordination the adjustment of a cell’s activity in response to what other cells are doing the cells of all complex multicellular organisms communicate with one another Plants & Animals (and many fungi) are like this

Where do they get their energy? How do these organisms get the energy and materials (molecules) they need? Where do they get their energy? Chemo vs. photo Where do they get their nutrients? Hetero vs. auto

Different kingdoms are distinguished by… Modes of nutrition Plants – photosynthesis = photoautotrophs Fungi – absorptive chemoheterotrophs Animals – ingestive chemoheterotrophs Often people will just say autotroph or heterotroph.

Different kingdoms are distinguished by… Reproductive strategy The kingdoms have different strategies for sexual reproduction All alternate meiosis & fertilization what do those terms mean?

Life Cycle Terminology: Haploid v. Diploid Meiosis Mitosis Fertilization Gametes Lets look at the animal life cycle…

Specialized reproductive cells (gametes) are haploid. Fig. 10.4 Specialized reproductive cells (gametes) are haploid. But they are made from diploid cells – the process that does this is called meiosis

Haploid gametes then join together Fig. 10.4 Haploid gametes then join together This is called Fertilization & it produces a new organism that is a genetic mix of both parents!

Animal sexual reproduction: The main stage is a multicellular diploid organism Meiosis produces haploid gametes Fertilization immediately follows meiosis

What is an animal? Six criteria, together, create definition. Animals are multicellular eukaryotes. Animals are chemoheterotrophic They must take in preformed organic molecules through ingestion, eating other organisms or organic material that is decomposing.

(3) Animal cells lack cell walls The bodies of animals are held together with extracellular proteins, especially collagen. Other structural proteins create several types of intercellular junctions that hold tissues together. (4) Animals have two unique types of tissues: nervous tissue for impulse conduction and muscle tissue for movement. These allow them to respond rapidly to the environment.

(5) Most animals reproduce sexually In most, a small flagellated sperm fertilizes a larger, nonmotile egg to make a zygote The zygote undergoes cleavage (mitosis), forming a hollow ball of cells called the blastula.

(6) Animals are motile: Almost all animals have a motile stage of their life cycle. Sometimes this is a larval stage. Some animals develop directly through transient stages into adults (mammals), but others have distinct larval stages (many insects).

Subcategories of Animals: The animal kingdom has many subdivisions we focus on a few: Chrodates - including all the vertebrate animals (those with a backbone). Arthropods - including the insects & crustaceans