Biology Review Part 1 B.4B – Investigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules.

Cell Types Prokaryotic (“before nucleus”) Prokaryotic (“before nucleus”) Genetic material (DNA) is not in a nucleus Genetic material (DNA) is not in a nucleus Less complicated and smaller than eukaryotic cells Less complicated and smaller than eukaryotic cells Example: Bacteria Example: Bacteria An organism made of a prokaryotic cell is called a prokaryote. An organism made of a prokaryotic cell is called a prokaryote.

Prokaryotic Cell

Cell Types Eukaryotic (“true nucleus”) Eukaryotic (“true nucleus”) Genetic material is in a nucleus (separated from the rest of cell) More complex and larger than prokaryotic cells Example: plants, animals, fungi, protists An organism made of eukaryotic cell(s) is called eukaryotic

Plant Cell Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole

Animal Cell Centrioles Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Cell Membrane Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached)

Nucleus The nucleus is the control center of the cell. The nucleus contains DNA, which has the instructions for making proteins. Nucleus

The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope, which is composed of two membranes. The nuclear envelope has thousands of nuclear pores, which allow substances such as proteins and RNA to move into and out of the nucleus. Nuclear envelope Nuclear pore

Ribosome Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm. Ribosomes produce proteins using information from the nucleus. Each ribosome is like a small machine in a factory, carrying out order from its boss- the nucleus.

-The RER is the part of the ER involved in protein synthesis. -- -The RER gets its name from the ribosomes bound to its surface. -When proteins are made, they travel from the ribosomes to the RER where they may be chemically modified. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus is a stack of membranes. The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside of the cell.

Lysosomes Lysosomes are small organelles filled with enzymes. Lysosomes digest (or breakdown) lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be reused by the cell.

Vacuole Vacuoles are saclike structures for storage of water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. In plants, the vacuole is filled with liquid that creates pressure that plants use to support leaves and flowers. Vacuole

Mitochondria are organelles that convert the chemical energy store in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. Mitochondria

Chloroplasts are organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy from photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain stacks of membranes that contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which is what makes plants appear green. Chloroplasts

Cilia and Flagella Structures made of proteins found in the cytoskeleton. 1.Cilia a.Shorter and more numerous than flagella b.Used to move fluid outside the cell 2.Flagella a.Longer and fewer in number than cilia b.Organisms with flagella use them to move or “swim” cilia flagella

The cell is separated from its surroundings by: The cell is separated from its surroundings by: 1.Cell membrane 2.Cell wall

The cell membrane functions to: The cell membrane functions to: 1.regulate what enters and leaves the cell 2.provides protection and support

The cell wall: The cell wall: 1.functions to: a.provide support and protection to the cell b.allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and some other substances to pass in and out of the cell 2.is OUTSIDE of the cell membrane.

Homeostasis Allows the cell or organism to maintain a stable internal environment Allows the cell or organism to maintain a stable internal environment Example: Your body needs to maintain a stable temperature to function. Therefore, you sweat when you get too hot. Example: Your body needs to maintain a stable temperature to function. Therefore, you sweat when you get too hot. What happens when you get too cold? What happens when you get too cold?

Diffusion is the movement of particles (such as a dissolved solute) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Example: Adding food coloring to water.

What is osmosis? Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Permeable means that some substance can diffuse across the membrane. Permeable means that some substance can diffuse across the membrane. Most biological membranes are selectively permeable, such that some substances can pass by, but not all. Most biological membranes are selectively permeable, such that some substances can pass by, but not all.

Facilitated Diffusion 1. Some molecules are too big or too strongly charged to cross the cell membrane on their own. 2. Molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration so facilitated diffusion does not require energy.

High K + concentration Low K + concentration

Active Transport Active Transport Sometimes cells must transfer molecule from low concentration to high concentration (opposite of diffusion which is from high concentration to low concentration). This moving of molecules “against a concentration difference” is called active transport because it requires energy.

Active transport: 1. Molecular transport Used for small molecules and ions such as calcium, potassium and sodium ions Used for small molecules and ions such as calcium, potassium and sodium ions Energy-requiring pumps Energy-requiring pumps Involves changes in protein shape Involves changes in protein shape

Molecular transport

Overview of photosynthesis the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar 6H 2 O + 6CO > C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6H 2 O + 6CO > C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 six molecules of water plus six molecules of carbon dioxide produce one molecule of sugar plus six molecules of oxygen six molecules of water plus six molecules of carbon dioxide produce one molecule of sugar plus six molecules of oxygen

Light Energy Chloroplast CO 2 + H 2 O Sugars + O 2 Photosynthesis

Chloroplast

Overview of cellular respiration 1. Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. 1. Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. 2. What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? 2. What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? oxygen + glucose  carbon dioxide + water + energy O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6  CO 2 + H 2 O + energy

Glucose Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid ATP is the “fuel” used by living things

1. Which would most likely cause the liquid in Tube A to rise? F Starch concentrations being equal on each side of the membrane G Water passing from a region of lower starch concentration to one of higher starch concentration H Water and starch volumes being the same J Solute in the tubes changing from a higher temperature to a lower temperature B.4B – Investigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules.

2. Energy conversion within an animal cell would be severely limited by removal of the cell’s — A mitochondria B chloroplasts C plastids D lysosomes B.4B – Investigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules.

3. Food provides the human body with all of the following except — F calories G amino acid H hydrochloric acid J lipids B.4B – Investigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules.

4. Which of these is a function of the cell membrane in all cells? A Producing cellular nutrients B Preserving cellular wastes C Neutralizing chemicals D Maintaining homeostasis B.4B – Investigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules.

5. The diagram shows different parts of a human sperm cell. Which part of the cell is most likely specialized for mobility? A Q B R C S D T B.4B – Investigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules.