GOYA “The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters.” Returning to reasonable, old, efficient physics. Big Inflation Dark matter Dark energy bang

“Anomalous” frequency shifts in astrophysics. By Jacques Moret-Bailly May ISpectroscopy. I. 1Conditions for Doppler-like frequency shifts. I. 2Coherent Raman Effect on Incoherent Light (CREIL). IIPropagation of a far UV continuous spectrum beam in atomic hydrogen: periodicities, generation of circles. IIIApplications in astrophysics. III. 1 In the solar system. III. 2 Origin of the “CMB”. III. 3 High redshift objects. 2

I Regular physics. I No blurring of the images. I No blurring of the spectra. I (Nearly) constant relative frequency shifts. I Not Doppler shifts. 3 I)Spectroscopy I. 1 Conditions for Doppler-like frequency shifts

Usual optics, spectroscopy, thermodynamics. No “new physics” such as: Dark matter Dark energy Inflation... 4 I Regular physics.

Coherent light-matter interactions: Same interaction between any involved (molecular,...) dipole and the local involved electromagnetic fields. Consequence: From Huygens construction and Fresnel rules, if the number of involved molecules is large, the wave surfaces and images are clean. 5 I No blurring of the images.

A monochromatic wave must be transformed into a single, frequency-shifted monochromatic wave. If the interactions are scatterings: -i) the scattered wave must interfere with the exciting wave into a single frequency wave. (from the coherence, these waves have the same wave surfaces) - ii)./. 6 I No blurring of the spectra.

- ii) As the number of involved molecules is large, the individual exchanges of energy are infinitesimal, not quantified. The molecules are perturbed by the waves to non-stationary states and return to the initial stationary state : it must be a parametric effect (i. e. matter is a catalyst allowing interactions of the waves). Several waves exchange energy while the molecules are not (de)excited permanently. The exchanges of energy must obey thermodynamics: from hot beams, redshifted (usually light, from Planck's law) to cold beams (usually radiofrequencies). 7

A strict constant relative frequency shift , as in a Doppler effect, is not required: Observed variations of  are interpreted in the “big bang” theory by a variation of the fine structure constant. 8 I (Nearly) constant relative frequency shifts.

R A continuous wave emitted by S is received at a lower frequency by R. The number s-r of cycles (wavelengths) between S and R increases : it is a Doppler effect. Consequence: The theory of a Doppler-like effect must fail using a CW source. Corollary : A time-coherence parameter must appear in the theory of a Doppler-like effect. t = 0 t > 0 9 Relative speed: (s-r)  t I Not Doppler frequency shifts.

I Recall of refraction, that is of coherent Rayleigh scattering. I Replacing coherent Rayleigh scattering by coherent Raman. I. 2. 3Preservation of space-coherence with ordinary light : ● Low frequency Raman resonance. ● low pressure gas. I. 2. 4Application to astrophysics. I. 2. 5Quest for “anomalous” frequency shifts. 10 I. 2Coherent Raman Effect on Incoherent Light (CREIL).

 E 0 cos  t } E=E 0 [cos(  t) +K  sin(  t)]= = E 0 [cos(  t) cos(K  ) + sin(K  ) sin(  t)]= = E 0 cos(  t-K  )(1) Definition of the index of refraction n, setting: K = 2  n/ =  n/c (2) E 0 cos(  t-K  ) Classical : Coherent Rayleigh scattering : E 0 K  sin  t Close wave surfaces 11 I Recall of refraction

Quantum point of view on refraction: Set   the (stationary) wave function of a refracting medium. A perturbation by an electromagnetic wave W i transforms  into a “dressed” (non stationary) state  i  i  i emits the scattered wave delayed of  having the same wave surfaces than the exciting wave. 12

The EM wave W i perturb  into  i  i. Two simultaneously refracted EM waves W i and W j transform  into  ij.  ij is not equal to  i  j if it exists an interaction operator O such that (  i |O|  j    transfers energy, produces frequency shifts of the refracted beams.  may result from a global behaviour (plasma) or from molecular properties, through Raman type interactions because the molecular states excited by W i and W j have the same symmetries. Look at Coherent Raman Effects ! 13

I For coherent anti-Stokes scattering, (1) is replaced by: E = E 0 [sin(  t)(1-K'  ) + K'  sin((  +  t )] with K' > 0 = E 0 [sin(  t)(1-K'  ) + K'  sin(  t)cos(  t) + K'  sin(  t)cos(  t)] K'  is infinitesimal, and  t is assumed small :  E 0 [sin(  t) + sin(K'   t)cos(  t) ]  E 0 [cos(K'   t)sin(  t) + sin(K'   t)cos(  t)] = E 0 sin[(  K'   t] (3) For Stokes scattering, K' is replaced by a negative K”. K'+K” is proportional to exp(-h  /2  kT)-1, approximately to  /T. Thus, the frequency shift is proportional to  K'+K”)     T.(4) As in refraction, the Ks are proportional to  if the dispersions of the polarisabilities are neglected. Thus  is nearly constant. ~1 14 I Replacing coherent Rayleigh scattering ( which produces refraction) by coherent Raman scattering.

● Low frequency Raman resonance. The interactions starting at the beginning of a pulse, keeping  t small along a light impulsion, requires a Raman period larger than the length of the impulsion, that is than the coherence time. ● Low pressure gas. To avoid a destruction of the space coherence, the collisional time must be longer than the coherence time. We verify that “ultrashort” (i.e. “shorter than all relevant time constants”) light pulses allow to keep the coherence. (G. L. Lamb, Rev. Mod. Phys. 43, , 1971) 15 I. 2. 3Preservation of space- coherence :

Problem : It cannot be any permanent exchange of energy between the molecules and the light because the molecules must return to their stationary state after the interaction... It is necessary that the interaction involves several beams, so that the final balance of energy is zero for the molecules. This coherent effect is “parametric”. The molecules act as a catalyst. The “Coherent Raman Effect on Incoherent Light” (CREIL) is a SET of elementary coherent Raman effects (followed by interference with the exciting beams) in which transfers of energy obey thermodynamics. 16

Active medium (catalyst) Cold beams: blueshifted Hot beam(s): redshifted Cold beams (generally radio, thermal background) Hot beam(s) (generally light) Temperatures from Planck's law No blurring of images (space-coherence preserves the wave surfaces) Nearly constant relative frequency shift  17 CREIL effect

Lamb's conditions are fulfilled in any matter using femtosecond pulses; the coherence time of ordinary light is much longer (some nanoseconds). Long enough a collisional time requires a gas pressure generally lower than 1000 pascals. The frequency of the required Raman resonance must be lower than some MHz, but not too low (formula 4 : shift proportional to  2 ) to produce strong CREIL effects. Such low frequencies are not common, or they appear in states whose population is low. Neutral atomic hydrogen has a too high Raman frequency (1420 MHz) in its ground state. It has convenient frequencies in the 2S 1/2 states (178 MHz), in the 2P 1/2 states (59 MHz) and in the 2P 3/2 states (24 MHz). Hydrogen in these states will be noted H*. 18 I. 2. 4Application to astrophysics.

It is a quest for excited atomic hydrogen H*. As the CREIL effect increases the entropy of a set of simultaneously refracted beams, we must search the temperature of these beams by Planck's law. Usually, the high frequency beams are hot, therefore redshifted; the thermal, radio beams are cold, blueshifted. H* may be obtained: ● Thermally around K if a sufficient pressure forbids an ionization. ● Around K, with a Lyman  pumping. ● By a cooling of a plasma. 19 I. 2. 5Quest for “anomalous” frequency shifts.

II. 1 Invisible new lines, improved contrast of existing lines. II. 2 Multiplication of the lines: periodicities. II. 3 Generation of circles. 20 IIPropagation of a far UV continuous spectrum beam in atomic hydrogen.

21 II Frequency Intensity I  Weak, broad absorption Absorbing line Shift  Intensity II Initially continuous spectrum Frequency... improved contrast of existing lines. (Constant  0  II. 1 Invisible new lines,...

22 Frequency Intensity Frequency Intensity II II II Ly  Ly  Ly  <I<I Previously written line Redshift Ly  Ly  Ly  (Strong) Redshift phase (Strong) Absorption phase II. 2 Multiplication of the lines: periodicities.

23 All lines of the gas are absorbed when an absorbed line is redshifted to the Lyman  line, in particular Lyman  and    he absorbed Lyman  and  are shifted to the  by a frequency shift of the light relative to the  frequency, equal to      Z = __________       __________  = 3* = 3*Z b      Z = __________  = 4*0.062 = 4*Z b __________ Fundamental parameter observed in quasars

24 Problem Smaller periodicities are found (equivalent to Doppler shifts by a speed of 37km/s) Look for similar computations with other molecules. The transitions to different rotational levels of between convenient rovibronic states of H 2 may play the rôle of the Lyman transitions in atomic hydrogen. But the spectrum of this ion is not well known. H may be produced in the intergalactic H 2 by UV radiation and its life time is large at very low pressures. May all «variations of physical constants» (fine structure, ration of masses p/e) be explained by the same CREIL dispersion? + +

II. 3 Generation of circles in low pressure H Very hot small kernel Transparent p + + e - Ly  pumping falls Atomic H in states 2S or 2P generated mainly by Ly  pumping The strong Ly  absorption induces a strong CREIL redshift, so that the intensity at the Ly  frequency is renewed until a too low intensity is reached The high population of states 2S and 2P allows a Ly superradiance Tangential emission of a circle p + + e - -> H 25

III. 1 In the Solar system III. 1. 1Transfer of energy from solar light to radio frequencies. III. 1. 2Frequency shifts of far UV emission lines from the Sun. III. 2 The microwave background III. 3 High redshift objects III Full explanation of quasar spectra III “Very Red Objects”,... III. 3. 3No need of dark matter 26 III Applications to astrophysics

The cooling of the solar wind generates excited atomic hydrogen beyond 5 UA; state 2S, it is stable (at low pressure) and efficient in CREIL. Energy is transferred from light to radiofrequencies which are blueshifted (the blueshift being a heating of the thermal radiations) - The blueshift is directly observed on the radio frequencies received from the probes Pioneer10 and III. 1. 1Transfer of energy from solar light to radio frequencies.

28 From Anderson et al. (2002)

Peter & Judge (1999) use the standard interpretation of the redshifts by spicules or siphon flows, so that the shifts are supposed zero at the limb, in contradiction with the lab or theoretical determinations. Accepting old frequencies, the shifts whose directions are opposite are non-zero at the centre and large at the limb of the Sun. 29 Radius 0 Limb Frequency F 0 : Laboratory or computed frequency CREIL shift Standard shift F0F0 III Frequency shifts of the far UV emission lines of the Sun.

Doppler produced by the rotation of the Sun, the movement of the probe etc... are eliminated. 30 Peter & Judge (1999)

31 The main function A of previous figure is considered as a product of functions B and C. B corresponds to a CREIL shifting the temperatures to a mean temperature (of HeI). C corresponds to a reduction of the column density of excited hydrogen whose concentration, corresponding to its derivative D, is maximal around K.

Problem: The temperature decreases with an increasing altitude while, in the chromosphere it increases. Can the previous result apply under the photosphere ? Under the photosphere, hydrogen is neutral atomic or dissociated. Atomic hydrogen is far from metallic state, the far UV energy is too low for a dissociation and too high for a Lyman absorption. Protons and electrons do not absorb: the gas is transparent. Can the lines be sharp and the CREIL work at the high pressure ? Yes, the Galatry lineshape is sharper than the Doppler thermal lineshape in the low pressure gas. Can the light cross the chromosphere ? Not easily, mainly through the spots where the ion H - is not abundant. Can the photosphere emit the far UV lines ? Yes, by a Rayleigh incoherent scattering. 32

33 - Amplified (blueshifted) by all redshifts - Made almost thermal (in particular isotropic) by a powerful (resonant) CREIL inside low frequencies - Amplified, in particular by the redshift of the sun light beyond 5 UA (just as the radio from the Pioneer probes). As the anisotropy of the corona, therefore of the wind is bound to the ecliptic, a part of the observed anisotropy of the CMB is bound to the ecliptic. III. 2 The microwave background

34 Model of quasar, as an accreting micro-quasar Region close to a hot spot No more hydrogen or UV light : CREIL stops during a strong absorption III. 3 High redshift objects III Spectrum of the quasars

35 1: Sharp line emitted in a hot region close to the kernel; No CREIL 2: Gap by a permanent redshift in K hydrogen. 3: The emitted broad lines may be generated beyond the kernel (close to a hot spot), so that their redshift may be larger than the redshift of the sharp lines. 3-4 : Lines broadened by saturation and a weak, simultaneous, thermal CREIL. 5: Lyman forest, periodicities; stabler excitation of H: larger mean intensity. 6: Often stop during a vanishing absorption. Log of altitude Unique, sharp line Intensities corresponding to gas temperature Broad, saturated lines (mixed in radio-loud quasars by RF ionisation of H) Intensity Lyman forest (periodicities) 0 : Earth   : laboratory frequency

Arp's systems of quasars and galaxy. These systems are surrounded by atomic hydrogen. The UV radiated by the quasars produces H*. As hydrogen is more excited close to the quasars, there is more H* on the path of the light from the quasars than from the galaxy. Relation between quasars and galaxies. The “micro-quasars” found in our galaxy are neutron stars which have the radio spectrum of the quasars and move quickly. If there is more hydrogen around our galaxy than inside, they become “isolated quasars” when they leave it, their repartition is isotropic. The other quasars are bound to their own galaxies. 36

37 The VROs are generally close to the quasars : the far UV emitted by the quasars (or similar objects) creates excited atomic hydrogen which produces a CREIL effect. It seems that these objects are surrounded by hot dust (up to 100K) whose stability is a problem. It is probably not dust, but the CREIL counterpart of the redshifts.. III The “Very Red Objects”

38 As the galaxies are closer than in the standard theory, they are smaller, so that there is no need of dark matter or other gravitational effect to explain their stability.. III. 3. 3No need of dark matter

39 Conclusion: It is clear that “anomalous” redshifts are observed where the physico-chemical conditions favour the creation of neutral atomic hydrogen in states 2S and 2P. Too simple, general and beautiful (a magic stick !) to be completely wrong. A good rule should be: Search for excited atomic hydrogen. (or similar molecules)