Bell-ringer: Where on Earth do you find Carbon atoms? Where do you find Nitrogen atoms?

2.1 Section Objectives – page 35 Today’s Objective: Be able to describe the flow of matter through the carbon and nitrogen cycles. 2.1 Section Objectives – page 35

Section 2.2 Summary – pages 46 - 57 CYCLES IN NATURE With chains, webs, and pyramids, it shows how energy moves through an ecosystem. Energy is always being replenished by the sun. But MATTER (anything that has mass and occupies space) is cycled and is not replenished like the energy from sunlight. There is a finite (or measurable) amount of matter on Earth. Section 2.2 Summary – pages 46 - 57

Section 2.2 Summary – pages 46 - 57 The atoms of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements that make up the bodies of organisms alive today are the same atoms that have been on Earth since life began. Matter is constantly recycled. It is never lost. Section 2.2 Summary – pages 46 - 57

Carbon is a piece of matter that cycles through our environment. It is never lost or gained…..it just cycles through over and over. Where is Carbon found? METHANE CARBOHYDRATES CARBON DIOXIDE

Volcanoes release carbon into the air Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere Volcanoes release carbon into the air Wood and fossil fuels burn and put Carbon into the air. Cellular Respiration: When organisms breathe out, carbon is released into the atmosphere. As decomposers break down dead plant and animal material, some carbon is released into the air.

Photosynthesis: Carbon from the air enters autotrophs. Carbon Entering Biotic Factors Photosynthesis: Carbon from the air enters autotrophs. Primary consumers ingest carbon when they feed on autotrophs. Higher-level consumers ingest carbon when they feed on other heterotrophs

Carbon Entering Biotic Factors When plants and animals die, decomposers break them down and put some of the carbon into the soil.

Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere

Ways that Carbon enters the atmosphere…. FROM ABIOTIC FACTORS FROM BIOTIC FACTORS 1. Combustion/Burning of Fossil Fuels 1. Respiration / Breathing Out 2. Open Burning

Ways that Carbon enters BIOTIC FACTORS…. 1. Photosynthesis 2. Consumption

1. Death and Decomposition How Carbon enters SOIL 1. Death and Decomposition

It is never lost or gained…..it just cycles through over and over. Nitrogen is another piece of matter that cycles through our environment. It is never lost or gained…..it just cycles through over and over. Where is Nitrogen found? Proteins 78% of the air on Earth

Primary consumers ingest nitrogen when they eat from autotrophs Nitrogen in Air Higher-level consumers ingest nitrogen when they eat other heterotrophs. Primary consumers ingest nitrogen when they eat from autotrophs Nitrogen Fixation: Nitrogen cannot be directly absorbed into plants, but plants NEED nitrogen. Nitrogen from the atmosphere is absorbed into bacteria in the soil, there they are CONVERTED (or FIXED) into a form that plant roots can absorb. Nitrogen found in ammonia is absorbed into the soil during urination.

Combustion/Burning of fossil fuels puts Nitrogen in the atmosphere. Nitrogen in Air Bacteria that decompose also release some nitrogen back into the atmosphere. Combustion/Burning of fossil fuels puts Nitrogen in the atmosphere. As decomposers break down plants and animals, nitrogen is recycled into the soil.

Ways that Nitrogen enters the atmosphere…. FROM ABIOTIC FACTORS FROM BIOTIC FACTORS 1. Combustion/Burning of Fossil Fuels From Bacteria in the Soil (Denitrification) This occurs when bacteria living in the soil aren’t getting enough oxygen, so they break down compounds in the soil- use up the oxygen, and disperse any Nitrogen from the compound into the atmosphere as a waste product.

Ways that Nitrogen enters BIOTIC FACTORS…. 1. Nitrogen Fixation 2. Consumption Plants cannot use the nitrogen in the air, so bacteria in the soil have to absorb it and then CONVERT it to ammonia and nitrates so plants can use it. Lightening striking the ground also does this for plants.

How Nitrogen enters SOIL 1. Death and Decomposition 2. Urine 3. Absorption 4. Acid Rain