Power Units: The Terawatt Challenge

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Presentation transcript:

Power Units: The Terawatt Challenge 103 106 109 1012 1 W 1 kW 1 MW 1 GW 1 TW Power

Current Benchmarks 500 Quad (annual total) 15 TW (average rate) global energy usage 500 Quad (annual total) 15 TW (average rate) - will double by 2050 carbon emissions 7 Gtons (annual total) atmospheric CO2 level 350 ppm 280 ppm = historical background

Photovoltaic Land Area Requirements 3 TW = approx total energy currently used in U.S. 20 TW = minimum carbon-free total energy needed by 2050 3 TW 20 TW Graphic from Nate Lewis Caltech

Potential Energy Resources Fossil fuels with carbon sequestration annual volume (STP) = Lake Superior Nuclear three 1 GW plants every day all year = 1 TW Renewables Geothermal ( ~ 12 TW ) Wind ( ~ 2 - 4 TW ) Hydroelectric ( ~ 0.5 TW ) Solar ( ~ 120,000 TW global average) ( at least 600 TW readily available) Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization, DOE Report, 2005 4

Photosynthesis ( 1961 Nobel Prize )

Photosynthetic Reaction Center ( 1988 Nobel Prize ) http://www.mpibp-frankfurt.mpg.de/~michael.hutter/rcenter.html

Artificial Photosynthesis Any solar energy conversion method that uses some aspects of nature’s strategy, compounds, or both Strategy Photoinduced electron transfer across a membrane Compounds Chlorophyll dyes and electron-transfer mediators

Dye-Sensitized (Grätzel) Cell Solar Cells Silicon p/n Junction Dye-Sensitized (Grätzel) Cell • e- • e- light absorption charge separation (holes and electrons) hn hn h+ h+ o o n-Si p-Si ETM dye HTM

Polyaniline

Poly-TAPP Oxidative electropolymerization of TAPP is expected to occur like aniline polymerization Covalent links could include simple amines or cyclization to phenazine bridge

Polymers of TAPP Poly-TAPP is electrically conductive and has a fibrous structure with a very high surface area Poly-TAPP generated without pyridine catalyst has higher conductivity and a slightly different morphology