 Increased immigration  Poor economic conditions on family farms.  Availability of jobs in the cities.  Freed slaves also needed jobs.

 Workers were skilled.  They completed the entire product.  They worked mainly with tools.  They controlled their work schedules.  They controlled their work environment.  They took pride in their product and made quality products.  Product was more expensive to buy.  They were paid by the amount of products sold.  They were replaced with unskilled workers who massed produced different products.

 Workers were generally unskilled.  They worked on only part of a product.  They worked mainly with machines.  The work schedules were set by their boss or supervisor.  The work environment was controlled by a boss or supervisor.  They did not necessarily take pride in their product and made products of less quality.  Products were less expensive to buy.  They were paid by the hour or by piecework.

 America was becoming a cash oriented society.  Wages were low so everyone had to work to support the family.  There was no unemployment or disability insurance.

 Dangerous conditions  Long hours and low pay (many paid by the product not the hour).  Work place prone to accidents.  Little ventilation and extreme heat or cold.  Few restroom facilities and emergency exits.

 Excluded from the most-skilled and highest- paying jobs.  Little chance for women to advance.  Women were paid less than men.  Children’s wages meant difference from eating or going hungry.  Paid even less than women and worked in dangerous conditions.