Announcements:  Coach class today after school  Quiz on Thursday!  Today is a review from yesterday PLUS new material  NHD during lunch- please!

Re-Cap: Black Codes & Jim Crow Laws  Laws meant to restrict freedom & opportunities of African Americans Three purpose: 1.To say what blacks COULD do  own property, marry, work for wages 2.Make sure planters still had people to work for them by enforcing contracts 3.Kept social order  Jim Crow laws tried to prevent blacks from being equal to whites, by having things like all white buses and rail cars

Re-Cap: Plessy v. FergusonRe-Cap: Plessy v. Ferguson  Court case from 1896  Ruled “separate but equal”  The Supreme Court said that segregation was legal as long as the facilities were equal  Allowed such things as schools to be segregated based on race.  Black facilities were almost NEVER equal to that of whites.

Recap: LynchingRecap: Lynching  Lynching is when blacks (and sometimes whites) were killed by mobs through hanging.  It occurred most frequently in Mississippi, followed by Louisiana and Texas  Meant to scare blacks into cooperating with whites & maintain social order

Re-Cap: Poll TaxesRe-Cap: Poll Taxes  Black men would have to pay money (a poll tax) in order to vote  They could not usually afford this, so that meant they couldn’t vote  Meant to keep black men from voting

Recap: The KKKRecap: The KKK  White supremacists who believed that whites were superior to blacks.  Burnt African American churches, homes, and schools  Attacked Freedmen’s Bureau officials and murdered blacks when they could

Recap: RedeemersRecap: Redeemers  Another white supremacist group in the South  Their goal was the “redeem” (save) the South by returning it to “white man’s rule”  They supported poll taxes and literacy tests to keep blacks from voting.

Denial of Civil RightsDenial of Civil Rights  African Americans, despite their technical, legal rights were still treated as second-class citizens  They were not allowed to use the same facilities as whites, had to pay in order to vote, had to abide by the Black Codes & Jim Crow laws and were constantly in fear for their lives due to things like the KKK and lynching.  What could African Americans do about this?

Responses: EducationResponses: Education  Black children could not attend white schools due to the Plessy v. Ferguson decision.  Therefore, black schools were opened, with black teachers, for black children.  This mean that black children could finally attend a school, although it was not equal to the facilities of white schools.  Education is power. Being allowed to go to school was a BIG DEAL.

Responses: ChurchesResponses: Churches  African Americans were finally allowed to openly worship. Although they did not join white congregations, they did open their first churches.  Black churches became a major source of support throughout the struggle for equal rights.

Response: NewspapersResponse: Newspapers  African Americans were now able to read and write.  This led to a demand for newspapers and a need to spread news that directly impacted their lives.  Therefore, there was a rise of African- American run and directed newspapers, that would write about news that was important to their lives- not the lives of whites. This also helped them to join together to fight for equal rights.

Snapshot: W.E.B. DuBoisSnapshot: W.E.B. DuBois  Born in 1868 in Massachusetts; he grew up in a mainly white community  His family was part of the free black population; he was a descendant from a West-African and Haitian family  Because he grew up in the north, and was mixed raced, he never really saw segregation in the way other African Americans did until he was older

Snapshot: W.E.B. DuBoisSnapshot: W.E.B. DuBois  He was very gifted academically and believed that knowledge could be used to empower African Americans.  He attended Fisk University in Tennessee and then Harvard in 1890; he was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard  He went on and founded the NAACP: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and published various newspapers

Snapshot: Booker T. Washington  Born into slavery in Virginia  After being freed, he worked in West Virginia and decided he needed an education. He worked his way through Hampton University and Wayland Seminary  He became the popular spokesperson for African American citizens

Snapshot: Booker T. Washington  He was criticized by the leaders of the NAACP and DuBois for not having a harder line on civil rights protests.  He believed that confrontation in demanding civil rights would lead to disaster; he thought cooperation with supportive whites was the only way to overcome racism

Snapshot: Ida B. WellsSnapshot: Ida B. Wells  Journalist, newspaper editor and early civil rights leader  She was born in Mississippi and both of her parents were slaves  After emancipation, she attended the Freedmen’s School, but lost both parents and her brother to a yellow fever epidemic

Snapshot: Ida B. WellsSnapshot: Ida B. Wells  She dropped out of school and then became a teacher in a black school after her parents died  She refused to give up her seat on a train to a white man and was dragged out of it; she then sued the train company and won  She wrote about racism in the US, especially lynching.  She was militant in her demands for fighting for equality and justice for African Americans

Letter Activity:Letter Activity:  Write a one-page letter to W.E.B. DuBois praising and critiquing him for what he did in fighting for the rights of African Americans.  That is, explain and evaluate what DuBois did in order to advance equality of African Americans.  Then, briefly compare him to the work of Wells and Washington.  You will be working on this individually! It will be due at the end of the period.