High-Efficiency Buildings and Demand Response Phillip Price Mary Ann Piette Demand Response Research Center Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Outline 1.Electric Load: why the peaks matter so much. 2.What is the electricity used for; can peaks be reduced? 3.Demand response: how it works, how effective is it? 4.The future: beyond simply adjusting temperatures and time- shifting usage.

Plot from Rubenstein et al., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Monthly California Peak Load Is Only Moderately Variable

Daily California Peak Load is Highly Variable

Electricity production capacity is determined by the need to meet the peak demand. Load shift: use electricity another time Increase indoor temperature: “sweat and suffer.” Reduce unimportant usage. (Why not do this all the time?) Eliminate/reduce high-intensity usage.

Data from a single building

Temperature-dependence dominates in many buildings

Temperature is not very predictive in some buildings

Comparison of End-Use Strategies Global Temperature Adjustment (GTA)

Manual DR - Common Practice

DRAS Clients – 1. Software only (Smart) 2. Software & Hardware (Simple) DR Automation Server and Client

Automated vs Manual Critical Peak Price Performance Average CCP Peak Load Reduction 8% w/AutoDR -1% w/o AutoDR

Global Temperature Adjustment Widely Implemented

Auto-DR in 130,000 ft 2 County Office

Cumulative Auto-DR Shed on 7/9/08 28 Industrial and commercial sites

CPUC OIR on Smart Grid Technologies Pursuant to Federal Legislation to Guide Policy in Development of Smart Grid System The term "smart grid functions" means any of the following: (1)Ability to develop, store, send and receive digital info re: elec use, costs, prices, tou, use, storage, info relevant to device, grid, utility operations, to utility system, through devices and technologies. (2)Ability to develop, store, send and receive digital info concerning electricity use, costs, prices, time of use, nature of use, storage, or other information relevant to device, grid, or utility operations to or from a computer or other control device. (3) Ability to measure or monitor electricity use as a function of time of day, power quality characteristics such as voltage level, current, cycles per second, or source or type of generation and to store, synthesize or report that information by digital means. (4) Ability to sense and localize disruptions or changes in power flows on the grid and communicate such information instantaneously and automatically for purposes of enabling automatic protective responses to sustain reliability and security of grid operations. (5) Ability to detect, prevent, communicate with regard to, respond to, recover from security threats, including cyber-security threats and terrorism, using digital information, media, and devices. (6) Ability of appliance or machine to respond to signals, measurements, or communications automatically in a manner programmed by owner or operator without human intervention. (7) Ability to use digital info to operate functionalities on grid that were electro-mechanical or manual. (8) Ability to use digital controls to manage and modify demand, enable congestion management, assist in voltage control, provide operating reserves, and provide frequency regulation. (9) Other functions as Sec [of Energy] may identify as necessary or useful to Smart Grid.

Linking Energy Efficiency and Demand Response

Future Directions DR strategies as a “Mode” in Optimized Control Orchestrate modes using schedules, signals, optimization algorithms: Occupied/Unoccupied Maintenance/Cleaning Warm up/Cool down Night purge/Pre-cooling Low power DR mode Intelligence needed for decision making Customized, simple and transparent interface Financial feedback systems need to present operational value Embed DR Communications in EMCS Need more sensors, algorithms, real-time simulations, feedback! KWH