Lithium Ion Batteries Science of Energy Technologies Utkarsh Gupta Rajaswit Das October 08, 2015

OUTLINE Back Background -Why this is important Electrochemistry/Battery Reactions Design of the Cells/Structure Manufacturing Performance New materials round -Why this is important Electrochemistry/Battery Reactions Design of the Cells/Structure Manufacturing Performance

Why this is Important Telecommunications/Personal Portable Electronics Energy/Transportation Computers/Personal Networks

HISTORY 1791Galvani (Italy)Animal Electricity 1800Alessandro Volta (Italy)Invention of Voltaic Cell (Cu/brine/Zn) 1833Micchael Faraday (UK)Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis 1836John Daniell (UK)Daniell Cell (Cu/CuSO 4 //ZnSO 4/ Zn) 1859Gaston Plante (France)PbO 2 (s) + Pb(s) + 2H 2 SO 4 =2 PbSO 4 (s) + 2 H 2 O 1868Georges Leclanche (France) Zn(s) + 2 MnO 2 (s) + 2 NH 4 Cl(aq) → ZnCl 2 + Mn 2 O 3 (s) + 2 NH 3 (aq) + H 2 O 1899Waldemar Jugner (Sweden) Cd+2NiO(OH)+2H 2 O=Cd(OH) 2 +2Ni(OH) Thomas Edison (USA) Fe+2NiO(OH)+2H 2 O=Fe(OH) 2 +2Ni(OH) 2 Mid 1960Union Carbide (USA)Zn (s) +2MnO 2 (s) → ZnO (s) +Mn 2 O 3 (s) 1970sVariousValve Regulated Lead Acid Cells 1990Various MH+NiO(OH)=M+Ni(OH) Yoshio Nishi (Japan)Lithium Ion Cell

What exactly is a “Lithium Ion” battery (1)

CONSTRUCTI ON For cylindrical cells the anode and cathode foils are cut into two long strips which are wound on a cylindrical mandrel, together with the separator which keeps them apart, to form a jelly roll (Swiss roll in the UK). Cylindrical cells thus have only two electrode strips which simplifies the construction considerably. A single tab connects each electrode to its corresponding terminal, although high power cells may have multiple tabs welded along the edges of the electrode strip to carry the higher currents.

WORKING

On a basic level The Actual Reaction between materials 1

POWER AND ENERGY DENSITIES

Major changes to the electrolyte, anode, separator and cathode are all expected. Some of these have occurred by now (2014) Next Generation Materials (1) Source: Lithium-ion Batteries for Hybrid and All-Electric Vehicles: the U.S. Value Chain. October 5, Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness Duke University 1) This was made almost half a decade ago.

BATTERY MARKET

ADVANTAGES High energy density - potential for yet higher capacities. Does not need prolonged priming when new. One regular charge is all that's needed. Relatively low self-discharge - self-discharge is less than half that of nickel-based batteries. Low Maintenance - no periodic discharge is needed; there is no memory. Specialty cells can provide very high current to applications such as power tools.

LIMITATIONS Requires protection circuit to maintain voltage and current within safe limits. Subject to aging, even if not in use - storage in a cool place at 40% charge reduces the aging effect. Transportation restrictions - shipment of larger quantities may be subject to regulatory control. This restriction does not apply to personal carry-on batteries. Expensive to manufacture - about 40 percent higher in cost than nickel- cadmium. Not fully mature - metals and chemicals are changing on a continuing basis.

DANGERS OF LITHIUM ION Lithium-ion batteries can be dangerous under some conditions and can pose a safety hazard since they contain, unlike other rechargeable batteries, a flammable electrolyte and are also kept pressurized. Because of this the testing standards for these batteries are more stringent than those for acid-electrolyte batteries, requiring both a broader range of test conditions and additional battery-specific tests. This is in response to reported accidents and failures, and there have been battery-related recalls by some companies.

REFERENCES battery battery manufacturing/process/pages/default.aspx manufacturing/process/pages/default.aspx