Enter Modernity

Syllabus of Errors Written by: Pius IX When: December 8, 1864 What is it: Documents a list of “errors” facing society in that time (and ours). Every listed item is being condemned by the Pope, not endorsed. Why: To identify and denounce the problems of the time.

Syllabus of Errors Activity In your group read your section of the Syllabus of Errors. 1. Identify the top 5 most severe/harmful errors and rewrite them in your own words. (use complete sentences) 2. Using complete sentences explain why these errors are bad/detrimental for society. 3. Write your own “Syllabus of Errors” for Bishop Carroll. (Must have at least 10 errors) (complete sentences) Work on for first 10 min of class. Share with Class

Mr. Schwarz’s Syllabus of Errors 1.Talking while the teacher is talking is a fruitful and formative activity 2.Rap and hip hop are considered valid genres of actual and good music. 3.Swearing is morally neutral because words do not have meaning 4.“What if” and “Is it a sin” questions are important and edifying inquiries. 5.Being on one’s phone during class is “okay” if not texting. 6.Having not viewed Star Wars is an acceptable facet in one’s life. 7.“I didn’t study/finish homework” is a valid excuse to not participate in the Holy Sacrifice of our savior Jesus Christ whom all things pale in comparison to. 8.That dogs have immortal souls akin to humans and will be separate and unique entities in heaven. 9.Complete sentences are the bane of humanity and should never be used. 10.Reading is a waste of time because it is difficult and boring.

Church in the 1800’s New Ideas of 19 th c. Society stemming from the enlightenment. Liberalism: Ideology focused on human freedom and the idea that progress equals flourishing. Really an effort to gain more freedom, which turns into a wish to do ANYTHING; it's an abuse of free will. Tainted view of Freedom Nationalism: Patriotism to the point of conquering and intolerance towards other nations and even the Church if it stands in the way These lead to further rejection of the Church, God, and religion as a whole.

Liberalism  Liberalism is not intrinsically anti-Christian but it is anti- monarchy and looked to new systems of governance.  “Liberalism glorified absolute individual freedom and supported the overthrow of any government or institution that limited freedom”  liberal thinkers believe that the Church was too closely intertwined with the monarchy and did indeed limit freedom.

Modernism  “The synthesis of all heresies” according to St. Pope Pius X.  Modernism attacks the Faith from within rather than from the outside.  Ex. A modernist would not deny that Jesus fed 5,000 but rather re-interpret the event and say that the true miracle is merely communal sharing prompted by Jesus. Modernism: rejects the supernatural Is atheistic in general Denies divine revelation and objective Truth. Has contempt for virtue and beauty

 Many new political trends develop during the 19 th century.  This time period sees many persecutions of the Church  Confiscation of the Papal States in 1870 when Italy unites. Pope Pius IX becomes “Prisoner of the Vatican.  Otto Von Bismarck (Prussian Prime Minister) – Kulturkampf or “culture struggle” in Germany.

Catholic Revival A. Why? More Catholics than ever before because of missionaries  Amazing renewal and growth in religious orders  growth in women’s religious orders  Growth in missionary orders B. Results  Expansion of Catholic education system  Increase in Catholic hospitals, orphanages C. Missionary Age: made possible by:  Medicine  Transportation  Communication  Enthusiastic young men and women

Missionary Age Made possible by:  Medicine  Transportation  Communication  Enthusiastic young men and women

Persecutions - Kulturkamph  “culture war” or “culture struggle”  Political struggle between the Roman Catholic Church and the German government from  Otto Von Bismarck wanted a strongly unified Germanic state and saw the Church as a hindrance to that goal.  Waged a propaganda war against the Church.  Took over Catholic schools  Expelled religious orders  Enforced civil marriage over sacramental marriage  Imprisoned bishops and priests The Church won this conflict due to Papal perseverance and the loyalty of the lay people.

Missionary Efforts

Important Saints John Vianney Therese of Lisieux John Bosco

Thinking Thursday  The person who makes it has no need for it. The person who purchases it does not use it. The person who does use it does not know they are. What is it? Answer: Coffin

Through the Eyes of the Popes Pius IX ( )  Fought liberalism and nationalism  Called Vatican I  Defined Papal Infallibility  Didn’t finish the council due to European wars  Wrote the ____________________

Vatican I  Last ecumenical council was the Council of Trent.  Called in order to deal with the problems of rationalism, liberalism and materialism (all the things listed in the Syllabus of Errors)

Vatican I  Defined Church teachings -Infallibility -God's existence -Divine Revelation -Relation between Faith and Reason  Condemned -Atheism - there is no God -Materialism - Only material things exist -Rationalism - If it can't be proven by science or reason, it's not true -Pantheism - many gods

Pope Leo XIII ( )  Recognized the problems of the Industrial Revolution  His work Rerum Novarum discusses the dignity of work and insists on the basic rights of oppressed works. St. Pope Pius X ( ) Frequent reception of Communion Children should receive Communion earlier Called for active participation of the laity in the Mass

More Persecutions – Mexico  1917 Mexico becomes the first official socialist, anti-religious, constitutional revolutionary republic.  Anti-Christian legislation and sentiment begin to increase  Ex: Masses forbidden, property confiscated, anti – clerical laws  Armed rebellion rises = Christeros  Bl. Miguel Pro

The Great War and Catholicism MAIN reasons for the start of WWI Militarism (Materialism – Focus on wealth and accumulation) Alliances (No previous unity – must create treaties) Imperialism (Social Darwinism – Human dignity is ignored, humans are not equal) Nationalism (The State is greater than the Church) Europe is a great big powder keg and the fuse is lit when Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated.

 Dehumanization  Dread  Despair

WWII  Hitler and the Fascist party rise to power in Germany.  European allies follow a policy of appeasement to avoid another world war.  Germany invades Poland on September 9, 1939  WWII begins…  Extremely destructive war, millions of people die.  Fascist Germany = prime example errors described in Syllabus.

WWII and the Catholic Church  Adolph Hitler not only persecuted the Jews in Germany but also Catholics.  The Roman Catholic Church was deemed an obstacle by Hitler’s regime.  Many Catholics and Church leaders were outspoken and defended the Jews and others who were being persecuted by the Nazis.  Saints during the War  St. Teresa Benedicta (Edith Stein)  St. Maximilian Kolbe  Bl. Franz Jagerstatter

The Holocaust

Pius XII  Before his pontificate: Papal Nuncio to Germany  Fought against National Socialism.  As Pope he spoke out against Nazism and their treatment of Jews. The NY Times lauded him as a “lone voice crying out in the silence of a continent”  Often hid Jews within the Vatican.  Jewish historians estimate that almost 860,000 Jews were saved because of the direct action of Pius XII and the Church. ZUHeWBU

St. Pope John XXIII  Elected Pope October 28, 1958 after the death of Pius XII  Known as Good Pope John  Felt called to convene an ecumenical council  Vatican II  Established himself as a very different and outgoing Pope that brought a lot of openness to the Church. (He was elected as a papa di passaggio, an interim pope)  He changed the status quo of the papacy and the calling of Vatican II brought many changes to the Church.

Vatican II  "Open a window in the Church and let the Holy Spirit blow through"  This council is different from all other councils. The others were called to fight heresies and correct errors. This was called to bring new life. Two main themes: 1. Renovation (new life) – aggiornamento a. Mass in the language of the people (langue Franca) b. Gestures (in the Mass) - some eliminated, some changed c. Encouraging all the faithful to strive for holiness d. Gave us fresh teaching on Catholic Social Doctrine e. Guidance for missionaries, ordained ministry, consecrated, laity f. Encouraged using the media for the glory of God 2. Return to the Sources - ancient Christian tradition, see if you've strayed too far  Pope John XXIII died before the end of the Council  So far, his body is incorrupt. He looks as if he were sleeping.



Pope Paul VI  Pope Paul VI ( )  Closed Vatican II and began the implementation of the Council  Wrote the Papal Encyclical Humane Vitae (Human Life)  Re-affirms Church teaching on married love, parenthood and rejects birth control.

John Paul I  Elected Pope August 26, 1978 – September 28,  Only Pope for 33 days (shortest papacy in the Catholic Church)

St. Pope John Paul II ( )  Encyclicals: Fides et Ratio, Evangelium Vitae, Veritatis Splendor  Theology of the Body  Engages the youth of the world: WYD!!!  Influential in the in the breakup of the Soviet Union and communism.

Pope St. John Paul II  The MOST: travels, encyclicals, canonizations, beatifications, cardinals  Mary's pope - Motto: "Totus Tuus", Frequently visited Marian shrines, devotion to Our Lady of Fatima, Our Lady of Guadalupe, the black Madonna, shield is a cross with M, Rosary was his favorite prayer  Also helped combat and defeat communism especially within Poland.

Pope Benedict XVI Known as God’s “Rottweiler” because of his tenacious and firm Theology but he is the “German Shepard”  Pope John Paul II's close friend  Very kind, gentle, and loving  He was forced into the Nazi army; however, he was put in prison for refusing to fight  First encyclical was "God is Love". His second encyclical is about Hope.  He is also very Marian.

Pope Francis 2013-Present