Working Complex Texts A Sample Through the ELA Discipline

Papa’s Waltz By Theodore Roethke 1The whiskey on your breath Could make a small boy dizzy; But I hung on like death: Such waltzing was not easy. 5We romped until the pans Slid from the kitchen shelf; My mother’s countenance Could not unfrown itself. 9The hand that held my wrist Was battered on one knuckle; At every step you missed My right ear scraped a buckle. 13You beat time on my head With a palm caked hard by dirt, Then waltzed me off to bed Still clinging to your shirt.

Alliteration occurs when the initial sounds of a word, beginning either with a consonant or a vowel, are repeated in close succession. 1The whiskey on your breath Could make a small boy dizzy; But I hung on like death: Such waltzing was not easy. Such waltzing was not easy. 5We romped until the pans Slid from the kitchen shelf; My mother’s countenance Could not unfrown itself. My mother’s countenance Could not unfrown itself. 9 The hand that held my wrist Was battered on one knuckle; At every step you missed My right ear scraped a buckle. The hand that held my wrist Was battered on one knuckle; 13 You beat time on my head With a palm caked hard by dirt, Then waltzed me off to bed Still clinging to your shirt.

Alliteration in “My Papa’s Waltz”- Guided Thinking - line 4 - "waltzing was" The gentle sound of the repeated “w” contrasts with the striking simile about death in line 3 and with the characterization of the waltz as “not easy.” The alliteration makes the waltz sound natural and tranquil, but there are clear indications to the contrary. - lines 7/8 - "countenance / Could" The sharp sound of the repeated “c” gives a hard edge to an otherwise graceful-sounding stanza. The fact that this example of alliteration is contained within a brief description of the speaker’s mother is a warning, or signal of danger, like the same hard “c” in the parental command “careful!” - line 9 - "hand that held" As in the first stanza, the gentle, nearly protective sound of this alliteration, “hand... held,” is in sharp contrast with the battered knuckle and scraped ear that dominate the imagery of this stanza. The aggressive actions of the speaker’s father are at least partially offset by this gentleness. - lines 9/10 - "wrist/Was" This is not an example of alliteration; alliteration is about sounds, not just the first letters of consecutive words.

IRONY As a figure of speech, irony refers to a difference between the way something appears and what is actually true. Irony allows us to say something but to mean something else, whether we are being sarcastic, exaggerating, or understating. – A woman might say to her husband ironically, "I never know what you're going to say," when in fact she always knows what he will say. The woman might simply say, "Interesting," when her husband says something that really isn't interesting.

Irony in “My Papa’s Waltz” The whiskey on your breath Could make a small boy dizzy; But I hung on like death: Such waltzing was not easy. We romped until the pans Slid from the kitchen shelf; My mother’s countenance Could not unfrown itself. The whiskey on your breath But I hung on like death: Such waltzing was not easy. We romped until the pans Slid from the kitchen shelf;

A Guided Look at Irony in “My Papa’s Waltz” - lines "The whiskey on your breath / Could make a small boy dizzy" These lines are ironic because, while it is possible that the smell of “the whiskey” alone would make the child dizzy, being swung roughly (and even drunkenly) about is probably to blame too. - line 3 - "I hung on like death" This line emphasizes the irony of line 4. Because the speaker’s father presents a certain danger, he “hangs on” to him here not necessarily “like death” but rather for dear life. The word death is thus ironic, but it makes the danger of the situation clear and offsets the notion that this is just a lighthearted waltz. - line 4 - "Such waltzing was not easy" The waltz should be easy, on a literal level, because the speaker is just being swung around by his father. However it is not very easy, perhaps because, their lives together are not easy. - lines "We romped until the pans / Slid from the kitchen shelf" Continuing the tone of the first stanza, the word romped here is ironic because it makes the waltz sound carefree, yet the effect of this romping is to cause a violent, crashing commotion in their domestic world.