 By 1900 majority of immigrants were from eastern and southern Europe  Push – Pull factors  The Atlantic voyage - steerage

 Ellis Island - New York  Ethnic Cities Neighborhoods Language Churches / Synagogues Clubs Newspapers

 Asian Immigration Taiping Rebellion 1849 California Gold Rush Transcontinental Railroad Angel Island

 Resurgence of Nativism Nativism – preference for native-born people and desire to limit immigration Immigration opposed by unions Nativist Organizations American Protective Association – anti-Catholic Workingman’s Party of California – anti-Chinese

 Immigration Laws Laws banned convicts, paupers, and mentally disabled The Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 – barred Chinese immigration

 Migration to cities from rural areas  Immigrants tied to cities – social mobility  New Urban Environment Skyscrapers – growth upward Louis Sullivan Mass Transit – horsecars, electric trolleys Elevated rail / subways

 High Society Lived in fashionable districts in heart of cities  Middle-Class Gentility Grew due to industrialization Growth of “streetcar suburbs”  The Working Class ¾ of working class squeezed into tenements All family members worked

 Urban Problems Crime – murder rate almost 100% higher than today Violence Disease – cholera and typhoid fever due to contaminated water Pollution – animal and human waste, smoke, garbage

 Urban Politics Political Machine – informal political group designed to gain and keep power Party Boss – ran political machine Graft / Fraud – getting money through dishonest or questionable means Tammany Hall – New York Democratic political machine Boss Tweed – notorious party boss of Tammany Hall

 Mark Twain  Horatio Alger – “rags- to-riches”  Social Darwinism – Herbert Spencer  The Gospel of Wealth - philanthropy

 Popular Culture Rise in standard of living due to industrialization The Saloon Amusement Parks – Coney Island Sports Vaudeville and Ragtime

 Henry George – Progress and Poverty Raised questions about American society Challenged laissez-faire and Social- Darwinism  Reform Darwinism Lester Frank Ward People succeeded not because of competition but because of cooperation

 Edward Bellamy Looking Backward Shaped thinking towards socialism  Naturalism in Literature – Some people in life fail due to circumstances beyond their control

 Social Gospel William Gladden – applying “Christian Law” to social problems Walter Rauschenbusch – competition was the cause of social problems The Salvation Army – Soup, Soap, and Salvation Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA)

 The Settlement House Movement Jane Addams Hull House  Public Education Process of Americanization African-American schools Land-grant colleges Women’s colleges Public Libraries - Carnegie

Quiz By 1900 most immigrants were from here List two reasons why an immigrant would want to leave their home for America Where did most Europeans enter the US? Where did most Asians enter the US? How did many Americans respond to immigrants?

Quiz What race or ethnic group was prohibited from entering the US? What process allowed the cheap mass production of steel? What did steel allow to occur in the cities? What changed mass transit in cities? What class grew due to industrilization?

Quiz Where did most poor workers live in cities? List two problems with urbanization A political group that gains and maintains power is called a… The leader of the political machine is called the…

Quiz The New York democratic political machine was called… The most notorious Tammany political boss was named… The idea that elements of societies that were strong survived was called… A popular form of entertainment that consisted of short variety acts was called…

Quiz The idea in literature that a person could fail in life due to no fault of their own was called… William Gladden was a leader in what movement? What two Christian organizations were established to help the urban poor? Places where the urban poor could get childcare, take classes, etc were called…