Industrial Revolution

Agriculture Spurs Industry Farming methods improve—led by the Dutch Seed Drill aided farmers Deposits seeds in rows rather than scattering them around Enclosures: process of taking over and consolidating land formerly held by peasant farmers Increased farming profits But forced many farmers to look for work—moved to the cities

Population Population increases More food leads to less disease More food reduces the risk of people dying from starvation More food leads to less disease People are healthier Advances in medicine slows the death rate

Technology Energy Revolution James Watt developed the steam engine further Powered by coal to pump water out of mines Became a key source of power for the IR

Why England?? Natural Resources Capital Natural ports and rivers Rivers supply water power Coal was plentiful—powered the steam engine Capital Mainly from years of the slave trade Stable government supported economic growth Britain built a strong navy to protect the empire, shipping, and overseas trade

Textile & Transportation Industry Cottage Industry or Putting out system Raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who wove it into cloth to use Cotton Gin—Eli Whitney Separated seeds from raw cotton at a fast rate Increased cotton production Factories develop Private roads are built-- turnpikes Canals Steam locomotive Railroads become preferred method of transportation

Social Impact Urbanization—people move from farms to cities New social classes emerge New middle class Many farmers who moved to cities became a part of the working class or poor Labor unions Tenements—apartments Labor unions arise Religion—people found comfort in Methodism Personal sense of faith to get through the day Harsh working conditions Mines Factories Long hours Low pay Dangerous working conditions Disease spread rapidly Women and children worked

New Ways of Thinking Laissez Faire Economics Thomas Malthus Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations) Thomas Malthus Predicted population would outgrow the food supply Jeremy Bentham Utilitarianism—idea that the goal of society should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people John Stuart Mill Argued government was essential to keep order with its citizens

New Ways of Thinking Socialism: public control of the means of operation Factories, farms, railways, industry Karl Marx: German philosopher who wrote The Communist Manifesto Inevitable struggle between classes This would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all means of production would be controlled by the community