Ch.12 Section One

 Medicine & hygiene very rare  Killer diseases –pneumonia, bronchitis, diphtheria, tuberculosis, cholera & smallpox  Average life expectancy 30 yrs  15 in every 100 children died before 1 st birthday  1 in 5 mothers died

“We set out at six in the morning and didn’t get out of the carriages (except when we overturned or got stuck in the mud) for 14 hours. We had nothing to eat and passed through some of the worst roads I ever saw in my life” This is a description of a journey by Queen Anne in 1704 from Windsor to Petworth –a journey of 40 miles. What does it tell us about transport at the time ?

8 out of 10 worked in countrysideSubsistence farming Cottage industries -factories rarely employed more than 50 people Handmade –buttons, needles, cloth, bricks, pottery, bread.

 Begins in Great Britain during 1700s  IR = greatly increased output of machine made goods  Industrialization  Industrialization= process of developing machine production of goods  Will spread to rest of Europe and the U.S.

EEnclosure Movement Enclosures= larger fields surrounded by hedges or fences–Wealthy landowners bought out smaller farmers RResults–New agricultural methods tried Small farmers become tenant farmers or give up farming and move to cities

 Seed Drill invented by JethroTull  Crop Rotation  Crop Rotation – farmers alternate crops in a field to keep fields nourished  Selective Breeding  Selective Breeding – only the best livestock are allowed to breed

 Food supplies increased  Living conditions improved  England’s population boomed  Increased population boosted demand for food and supplies  Where are the jobs? City factories

Why did the IR begin in England?  Possessed all of the factors of production -resources needed to produce goods and services Large population of workers Many natural resources Growing economy  Entrepreneur = person who organizes, manages, and takes on risks of a business  Politically stable – no wars on British soil during the 1700’s.

Industrialization Changes Life Factory Work  Factories pay more than farms, spur demand for more expensive goods Industrial Cities Rise  Urbanization—city-building and movement of people to cities  Growing population provides work force, market for factory goods.

Living Conditions in the Cities  Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums  Life span in one large city is only 17 years  Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes  Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes  Cities also w/out adequate housing, education, police protection