Chapter 9 Section 1

 Upon completion, students should be able to: 1. Explain the causes of the Industrial Revolution 2. Describe the new inventions during the industrial revolution 3. Identify the changes as a result of the industrial revolution 4. Summarize the impacts of the industrial revolution on Europe and the west

 -The greatly increased output of machine made goods.  It began in England in the middle 1700’s.  Prior to the use of machinery, clothing wove textiles by hand

 Because wealthy landowners had bought up so much land that farm methods had to change by village farmers.  England possessed numerous raw materials (iron-ore, coal) and river systems needed along with harbors for merchants to sell and ship goods.  England had a large population for workforce.  The English government supported innovation and technology.

 Enclosures- fences or hedges that closed off land. This led to 1. Trying new agricultural methods including seeding methods. Jethro Tull- invented the seeding drill in Small farmers were forced to become tenant farmers or to quit farming and move to cities.

 Switching crops in order to avoid exhausting the soil.  This process became common in the 1700’s and also led to increased crop yielding.  Science also introduced new innovation in sheep breeding leading to larger sheep.  As a result of increased food supplies, England’s population boomed in the 1700’s.  Urbanization spread leading to a need for more jobs in the cities.

 England had the key factors of production land, labor and a capital.  England had a strong military that began to colonize other parts of the world.  England’s strong bank system expanded loans to inventors and entrepreneurs.

 John Kay invented the flying shuttle, a boat shaped object that allowed yarn to be weaved rapidly.  James Hargreaves- 1763, invented a spinning wheel (spinning Jenny) allowing a spinner to work eight threads at one time.  Richard Arkwright invented a water frame allowing water stream to power the wheel.  Samuel Crampton invented the the spinning mule, a combo of the spinning jenny and water frame. This led to a stronger thread.  Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom speeding up weaving.

 Because this machinery was expensive, it was moved into factories.  The factories required water as a power source so they were built on river systems.  Eli Whitney- built the cotton gin in 1793, this helped England since most of its cotton came from the American south.  In 20 years, cotton production increased from 1.5 million pounds to 85 million.

 James Watt joined with Matthew Boulton an entrepreneur to build a better steam engines.  Robert Fulton built a steam boat called the Clermont. It was powered by a steam engine built by Watt and Boulton.  England later built a network of canals and waterways extending over 4,000 miles.  England would later build a series of roads for heavy machines thus leading to railroads.

 In 1804 Richard Trevithick won a bet by hauling ten tons of iron using a steam driven locomotive. This is considered the be the first railroad train.  George Stephenson built 20 engines for mine operations. This was considered to be the first railroad lines.  The Liverpool-Manchester Railroads- built in 1829 with traveling speeds of 24 miles per hour.  Railroads became wildly popular in England and were used to transport both goods, raw materials and people.