Seventeenth-Century England Two Revolutions

Broad significance Origin of capitalism Made industrial revolution possible, or likely Changed the way the world lives

Parliament asserts power over crown Before (1603) James comes to thrown by hereditary right James chooses ministers (heads of government offices) as he pleases After (1714) George I takes throne by Act of Parliament Ministers must be approved by majority of Parliament to govern (Parliament controls policy)

Finances Before (1603) James expected to finance government himself (from feudal dues, customs, crown lands) After (1714) Parliament controls government finances

Economic policies Before (1603) Taxes raised and lowered arbitrarily by monarch Guilds/monopolies Prohibits land enclosure After (1714) Parliament favors free market policies Guilds abolished Feudal tenures abolished Enclosures sanctioned

Separation of Church and State Before (1603) All men and women are members of Anglican Church Dissent is punishable offense Heretics burnt at stake After (1714) Dissent tolerated Burning prohibited Church courts dismantled Bishops no longer hold political office

Social Aspects of the Civil War A fight within the aristocracy Parliament = House of Lords and House of Commons House of Lords (Peers) Largest landowners and bishops House of Commons Largest landowners below rank of peer Electorate: Freeholders whose lands produce more than 40 shilling per year (less than 10% of population)

King and Parliament at odds, Issues Enclosures Church courts Taxes Parliament passes Petition of Right No taxation without the consent of the taxed

Civil War Parliament, , asserts control over army King tries to arrest parliamentary leaders King and Parliament each raise their own armies for civil war Parliament tries and executes Charles, 1649, abolishing monarchy

The Republic Cromwell, commoner, head of state Puritan rule proves as oppressive as Anglican: no dancing, drinking, or theater Parliament ready to accept King back when Cromwell dies, 1658 Charles II restored to throne 1660

The Restoration Charles II Wants religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters Parliament imposes Anglican rule Otherwise, Parliament supports him James II ( ) Wants to make monarchy absolute in imitation of Louis XIV Appoints Catholics to high office Jails Anglican bishops

Glorious Revolution James has male son Parliament was hoping James would die and Mary would come to thrown Parliament invites William of Orange to invade England James flees (no fighting) Parliament declares William and Mary joint monarchs 1689

Results of Glorious Revolution Bill of Rights Toleration Act