Chapter 18 Lecture Outline

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 18 Lecture Outline Bacterial Diversity

Common Traits of Bacteria Prokaryotes Formyl-methionine is the first amino acid in proteins Unique structures shared by most species Peptidoglycan Features of gene expression machinery RNA Polymerase Ribosome Good targets for antibiotics L-ornithine in Deinococcus Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Bacterial Tree Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Undiscovered Bacteria Many species uncharacterized Many bacteria cannot yet be grown Unclassified organisms Identified solely through rRNA sequence Projects to amplify all DNA in some habitats Environmental samples Habitat is known rRNA is sequenced Can sometimes give provisional identification Candidate species Some physiological characterization beyond DNA sequence is known Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Major Well Studied Bacterial Phyla Deep-branching thermophiles Diverged early from archaea and eukaryotes Lateral gene transfer with archaea Cyanobacteria Oxygenic photoautotrophs with thylakoid membranes Gram-positive bacteria Multiple layers of peptidoglycan, teichoic acids Low GC: Firmicutes High GC: Actinobacteria Gram-negative bacteria with LPS Proteobacteria Alpha Berta Gamma Delta Epsilon Nitrospira Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi group Gram-negative Obligate anaerobe and/or green sulfur phototroph Spirochetes Narrow coiled cell with sheath Chlamydia/ Planctomycetes/ Verrucomicrobia Lack peptidoglycan Subcellular structures analogous to eukaryotes Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Bacterial Tree Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Deep-Branching Thermophiles Hyperthermophiles Fastest growing cells known (10 min generation time) Most grow at > 70°C, some in near-boiling water (95°C) Aquificales Oxidize hydrogen Thermotogales Sheathed, obligate anaerobic heterotrophs Thermales Original source for Taq polymerase for PCR Deinococcus Lives at lower temperatures Stains gram-positive Peptidoglycan contains ornithine Extremely radiation-resistant Survived Chernobyl Very rapid DNA repair Mass of pink filamentous Thermus spec. Deinococcus Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Cyanobacteria Profound importance for all ecosystems Oxygenic phototrophs Chlorophyll a and b Accessory pigments (phycocyanin, phycoerythrin) Fix CO2 Many fix nitrogen Specialized cell types (heterocysts) Subcellular structures Thylakoids Site of photosynthesis Similar to chloroplasts Carboxysomes-lipid bodies Gas vesicles for buoyancy Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Cyanobacteria Can secrete protective mucilage Single celled Filamentous Multiple cells growing in a line Colonial Large cell aggregate with anaerobic center Many form akinetes Specialized spore cells Survive long periods of dessication Germinate when conditions improve Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Cyanobacteria Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Gram-Positive Firmicutes Low GC content Rods and cocci No outer membrane Thick cell wall Many are pathogens Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Bacillales Bacillus Aerobic spore former Listeria Staphylococcus Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Clostridiales Clostridium Anaerobic endospore former Toxin producers Tetanus Botulinum Gas gangrene Epulopiscium “Live birth” Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Gram-Positive Endospores Extremely heat-resistant for millennia Toxin-formers Clostridium Tetanus, botox, gangrene Bacillus Anthrax, Bt Spore forms inside mother cell Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Lactobacillales Lactobacillus Used in dairy cultures Streptococcus Human normal flora “Strep throat” Flesh eating disease Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Mollicutes Used to attach to host cell Lack cell wall Flexible cell shape Pass through sterile filters Require animal host Cholesterol Mycoplasma M. pneumoniae Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Actinobacteria High GC Actinomycetales Actinomycetes Streptomyces Antibiotic producer Corynebacteriaceae C. diphteriae Mycobacteriaceae Acid fast M. tuberculosis M. leprae Bifidobacteriales Colinize breast fed infants Used in dairy production Propinibacteria P. acnes Cheese porduction Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Actinobacteria Many form long, multicellular filaments Aerial mycelia carry arthrospores Wind blows spores to new sites Streptomyces Very large genome Source of many antibiotics Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Gram-Negative Proteobacteria Largest group Five major classes Many “light-supplemented” heterotrophs Purple light receptors Use of inorganic electron donors Highly adaptable metabolism Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Alpha Proteobacteria Photoheterotrophs Rhodospirillum Endosymbionts Rhizobium, Agrobacterium in plants Root nodules, plant tumors Rickettsias in animals Obligate intracellular parasites Rocky Mountain spotted fever Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Beta Proteobacteria Lithotrophs Nitrate, sulfur, iron oxidizers Nitrosomonas used in wastewater treatment Pathogens Burkholderia Neisseria gonorrhoeae Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Enteric Gamma Proteobacteria Facultative anaerobic fermenting rods Many are motile Many form biofilms Normal flora Escherichia coli Proteus Pathogens Salmonella Shigella Aerobic non-fermenting rods Some in biofilms, some pathogens Pseudomonas Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Delta Proteobacteria Myxococcus xanthus Attacks other bacteria in “packs” Social movement Aggregates into fruiting bodies Disperses myxospores Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus Parasitizes other bacteria Grows in periplasm Lyses host Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Epsilon Proteobacteria Smallest group of proteobacteria Helicobacter pylori Cause of stomach ulcers Burrows below protective mucous layer Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Nitrospirae Spiral shape Most oxidize nitrite to nitrate Nitrospira Leptospirillum Oxidizes iron, fixes carbon Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Bacteroidetes Obligate anaerobes Bacteroides Major flora of human colon Break down toxins in food Provide food Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Spirochetes Treponema pallidum Flexible, narrow spiral shape Flagella at ends Fully enclosed within periplasm Form axial filament Flagellar rotation turns whole cell Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Chlamydiae Obligate intracellular parasites Life cycle Small elementary bodies Survives outside host cells Transferred to new host Similar in function to a spore Larger reticulate body Grows within cells Does not survive outside host C. trachomatis Leading cause of sexually transmitted diseases among young population Morbidity Infertility Reticulate Elementary 36 – 48h Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Planctomycetes Multiple internal membranes Double membrane surrounds nucleoid Similar to eukaryotic nucleus? Verrucomicrobia Irregular shape Contains tubulin Horizontal gene transfer from eukaryote? Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Endurance Forms of Bacteria Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Concept Quiz Match the bacterial group to the spore form that it creates Cyanobacteria 1. Myxospores Firmicutes 2. Arthrospores Delta Proteobacteria 3. Endospores Actinobacteria 4. Akinetes Answers: A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2 Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Concept Quiz All of the following major groups contain phototrophic bacteria except Chlorobi Cyanobacteria Proteobacteria Spirochetes Answer: D Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.