Computer Organization Angelito i. cunanan jr.

Hardware Inside Computer Case… A motherboard containing the CPU, memory, and other components A hard drive and optical drive (CD or DVD) used for permanent storage A power supply with power cords supplying electricity to all devices inside the case Adapter cards used by the CPU to communicate with devices inside and outside the case. All adapter cards contain microchips, which are most often manufactured using CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) Cables connecting devices to adapter cards and the motherboard

Motherboard… The largest and most important circuit board in the computer is the motherboard, also called the main board, the system board, or the techie jargon term, the mobo. A device that is not installed directly on the motherboard is called a peripheral device.

Ports… Serves as an interface between the computer and other computers or peripheral devices. In computer terms, a port generally refers to the female part of connection. Computer ports have many uses, to connect a monitor, webcam, speakers, or other peripheral devices.

On-board Ports and Connectors… Keyboard Port – (Violet), 6 Pins Mouse Port – (Green), 6 Pins

Guide… Physically, the mouse or keyboard connector fits into either port, but the mouse connector only works in the mouse port, and the keyboard connector only works in the keyboard port. personal system/2 connector - (PS/2).

On-board Ports and Connectors…(continued) Parallel Port - commonly used by older printers, transmit data in parallel, eight bits at a time.

On-board Ports and Connectors…(continued) Analog Video Port – VGA (Video Graphics Array) connector is a three-row 15-pin DE-15 connector.

Guide… DE-15 - D-subminiature or D-sub is a common type of electrical connector.

On-board Ports and Connectors…(continued) USB Port - is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication, and power supply between computers and electronic devices.

On-board Ports and Connectors…(continued) 3 Flavours of USB Standard USB (12Mbps) USB 2.0 (480Mbps) USB 3.0 (625Mbps) USB 3.0 adds a new transfer mode called "SuperSpeed" (SS)

On-board Ports and Connectors…(continued) FireWire Port - (IEEE 1394 port) FireWire is very similar to Universal Serial Bus (USB). The designers of FireWire had several particular goals in mind when they created the standard: Fast transfer of data, Ability to put lots of devices on the bus, Ease of use, Hot-pluggable ability, Provision of power through the cable, Plug-and-play performance, Low cabling cost, Low implementation cost. 2 Flavours of IEEE 1394: 400Mbps (original) FireWire 800 (800Mbps) (newer)

On-board Ports and Connectors…(continued) The 6-conductor and 4-conductor alpha FireWire 400 connectors

Guide… A FireWire connection lets you send data to and from high-bandwidth digital devices such as digital camcorders, and it's faster than USB. Hot-pluggable ability - Hot-pluggable ability - The ability to add and remove devices to a computer while the computer is running.

On-board Ports and Connectors…(continued) Network Port - is a number that identifies one side of a connection between two computers. Computers use port numbers to determine to which process or application a message should be delivered.

Guide… RJ – Registered Jack RJ11, RJ14, RJ21,RJ35, RJ45, RJ48, etc. A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a number that identifies the network adapter(s) installed on your computer. The address is composed of up to 6 pairs of characters, separated by colons. (22-FG- 5G-56-58-YU). IP Address - Internet Protocol address, is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.

On-board Ports and Connectors…(continued) Sound Port - that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs.

Guide… Light Blue Line level input Pink Microphone Green Audio Out Orange Sub-woofer  Black Rear speaker  Brown/Dark/Gray Side speaker output 

On-board Ports and Connectors…(continued) Serial Port - Serial ports were originally intended for input and output devices such as a mouse or an external modem. have been mostly outdated by USB ports, and few new computers today have a serial port.

On-board Ports and Connectors…(continued) Game port -  is an outdated, legacy port used for joysticks. This device was superseded by USB in the 21st century.

On-board Ports and Connectors…(continued) S/PDIF (Sony/Philips Digital Interface Format) - ports are used to connect to external sound equipment such as a CD or DVD player.

On-board Ports and Connectors…(additional) HDMI - (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a compact audio/video interface for transferring uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio data from a HDMI-compliant source device. HDMI is a digital replacement for existing analog video standards.

Guide… HDMI use - Display controller, to a compatible computer monitor, video projector, digital television, or digital audio device.

Processor and the Chipset… Processor or CPU is the chip inside the computer that performs most of the actual data processing. Chipset is set of chips on the motherboard that collectively controls the memory, buses on the motherboard, and some peripherals. The processor could not do its job without the assistance of the chipset.

Processor and the Chipset…(continued)

Processor… Processor Sockets This socket and the chipset determine which processors a board can support. A socket will hold either an Intel or AMD processor. Some older processors were installed on the motherboard in a long narrow slot, but all processors sold today use sockets. Also know that Intel makes several Itanium and Xeon processors designed for servers. These server processors use different sockets than those listed in the table. Sockets for Intel processors used for desktop computers (next slide)

Sockets for Intel processors used for desktop computers Intel Socket Names Used by Processor Family Description LGA1366 or Socket B Core i7 1366 pins that touch pads on the Processor Works with DDR3 memory Expected to replace LGA771 and LGA775 sockets LGA771 or Socket J Core 2 Extreme 771 pins that touch pads on the processor Used on high-end workstations and low-end servers Works with DDR2 memory on boards that have two processor sockets LGA775 or Socket T Core 2 Quad Core 2 Duo Pentium Dual-Core Pentium Extreme Edition Pentium D Pentium Pentium 4 Many Celeron processors 775 lands or pads Works with DDR3 and DDR2 memory Most popular Intel socket Socket 478 Celeron processors 478 holes for pins Uses a dense micro PGA (mPGA) No longer sold Socket 423 423 holes for pins 39 x 39 SPGA grid

Processor…(continued) Earlier Pentiums used a pin grid array (PGA) socket, with pins aligned in uniform rows around the socket. Later sockets used a staggered pin grid array (SPGA), with pins staggered over the socket to squeeze more pins into a small space. Small pins can easily be bent as the processor is installed in the socket. Later Intel sockets use a land grid array (LGA) that uses lands rather than pins. Zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets - processor sockets have a lever on the side of the socket this lever is used to lift the processor up and out of the socket.

Sockets for AMD processors used for desktop computers AMD Socket Used by Processor Family Description AM3 or AMD3 Phenom II 938 holes for pins (PGA) Works with DDR3 memory AM2+ or AMD2+ Phenom II, Phenom, and Athlon 940 holes for pins (PGA) Works with DDR2 memory Faster than AMD2 AM2 or AMD2 Athlon and Sempron Socket 754 754 holes for pins (PGA) Works with DDR memory Socket 940 Athlon Socket 939 939 holes for pins (PGA) No longer sold Socket A Athlon, Sempron, and Duron 462 holes for pins (PGA) Rarely sold today

Guide…(next slide) Beginning with the Intel i800 series of chipsets, a hub is used to connect buses. All I/O buses (input/output buses) connect to a hub, which connects to the system bus. This hub is called the hub interface, and the architecture is called Accelerated Hub Architecture

Chipset… The fast end of the hub, which contains the graphics and memory controller, connects to the system bus and is called the hub’s North Bridge. The slower end of the hub, called the South Bridge, contains the I/O controller hub. All I/O devices, except display and memory, connect to the hub by using the slower South Bridge.

Chipset…

Buses and Expansion Slots… Look on the bottom of the motherboard, and you see a maze of circuits that make up a bus. These embedded wires carry four kinds of cargo: Electrical power. Chips on the motherboard require power to function. These chips tap into a bus’s power lines and draw what they need. Control signals. Some wires on a bus carry control signals that coordinate all the activity.

Buses and Expansion Slots …(continued) Memory addresses. Components pass memory addresses to one another, telling each other where to access data or instructions. The number of wires that make up the memory address lines of the bus determines how many bits can be used for a memory address. The number of wires thus limits the amount of memory the bus can address. Data. Data passes over a bus in a group of wires, just as memory addresses do. The number of lines in the bus used to pass data determines how much data can be passed in parallel at one time. The number of lines depends on the type of processor and determines the number of bits in the data path. (Remember that a data path is the part of the bus on which the data is placed; it can be 8, 16, 32, 64, or more bits wide.)

Buses and Expansion Slots …(continued) PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus A bus common to desktop computers that uses a 32-bitwide or a 64-bit data path. Several variations of PCI exist. One or more notches on a PCI slot keep the wrong PCI cards from being inserted in the PCI slot.

Buses and Expansion Slots …(continued) PCI-X The next evolution of PCI is PCI-X, which has had three major revisions; the latest is PCI-X 3.0. All PCI-X revisions are backward compatible with conventional PCI cards and slots, except 5-V PCI cards are no longer supported. PCI-X is focused on technologies that target the server market; therefore, it’s unlikely you’ll see PCI-X slots in desktop computers. Motherboards that use PCI-X tend to have several different PCI slots with some 32-bit or 64-bit slots running at different speeds. For example, Figure 5-13 shows a motherboard with three types of slots. The two long green slots are PCI-X; the three white slots are PCI, and the one offset lime green slot is AGP. The two PCI-X slots can use most 32-bit and 64-bit PCI or PCI-X cards. PCI-X is being replaced by PCI Express.

Buses and Expansion Slots …(continued) PCI Express (PCIe) The latest evolution of PCI, which is not backward- compatible with earlier PCI slots and cards. PCIe slots come in several sizes including PCIe x1, PCIe x4, PCIe x8, and PCIe x16.

Three PCI Express slots and three PCI slots on a motherboard…

Three types of PCIe slots and one conventional PCI slot…

Buses and Expansion Slots …(continued) Motherboard video slots and video cards used the Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) standards for many years, but AGP has mostly been replaced by PCI Express. Even though AGP is a dying technology, you still need to know how to support it. A motherboard will have a PCI Express x16 slot or an AGP slot, but not both.

AGP Standards

Buses and Expansion Slots …(continued) AMR AND CNR SLOTS To reduce the total cost of a computer system, some older motherboards might have a small expansion slot, about the length of a PCI Express x1 slot. This small slot can be an audio/modem riser (AMR) slot or a communication and networking riser (CNR) slot (see Figure 5-20). These small slots accommodate small, inexpensive expansion cards called riser cards, such as a modem riser card, audio riser card, or network riser card. (These are not the same riser cards used in NLX systems or riser cards used to extend an expansion slot.) Part of a riser card’s audio, modem, or networking logic is on the card, and part is on a controller on the motherboard. If you see an older motherboard and it has a short slot beside a PCI or AGP slot, suspect that it’s a CNR or AMR slot. AMR and CNR slots are rarely used today and it’s next to impossible to find the cards that fit them.