2014 년 봄학기 강원대학교 컴퓨터과학전공 문양세 이산수학 (Discrete Mathematics)  집합 (Set)

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2014 년 봄학기 강원대학교 컴퓨터과학전공 문양세 이산수학 (Discrete Mathematics)  집합 (Set)

Discrete Mathematics by Yang-Sae Moon Page 2 Introduction to Sets 정의 집합 (set) 이란 순서를 고려하지 않고 중복을 고려하지 않는 객체 (object) 들의 모임이다. A set is a new type of structure, representing an unordered collection (group) of zero or more distinct (different) objects. Basic notations for sets For sets, we’ll use variables S, T, U, … We can denote a set S in writing by listing all of its elements in curly braces { and }: {a, b, c} is the set of whatever three objects are denoted by a, b, c. Set builder notation: {x|P(x)} means the set of all x such that P(x). Sets 원소 나열법 ( 예 : {…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}) 조건 제시법 ( 예 : {x | x is an integer})

Discrete Mathematics by Yang-Sae Moon Page 3 Basic Properties of Sets Sets are inherently unordered: ( 순서가 중요치 않다 !) No matter what objects a, b, and c denote, {a, b, c} = {a, c, b} = {b, a, c} = {b, c, a} = {c, a, b} = {c, b, a}. All elements are distinct (unequal); multiple listings make no difference! ( 중복은 의미가 없다 !) If a=b, then {a, b, c} = {a, c} = {b, c} = {a, a, b, a, b, c, c, c, c}. This set contains at most two elements! Sets

Discrete Mathematics by Yang-Sae Moon Page 4 Definition of Set Equality Two sets are declared to be equal if and only if they contain exactly the same elements. ( 동일한 원소들로 이루어진 두 집합은 동일하다.) In particular, it does not matter how the set is defined or denoted. ( 집합의 equality 에서 정의나 표현은 중요치 않다.) For example: The set {1, 2, 3, 4} = {x | x is an integer where x > 0 and x 0 and <25} Sets

Discrete Mathematics by Yang-Sae Moon Page 5 Infinite Sets ( 무한 집합 ) Conceptually, sets may be infinite (i.e., not finite, without end, unending). ( 집합은 무한할 수 있다.  무한집합 ) Symbols for some special infinite sets: N = {0, 1, 2, …} The Natural numbers. ( 자연수의 집합 ) Z = {…, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …} The Zntegers. ( 정수의 집합 ) Z + = {1, 2, 3, …} The positive integers. ( 양의 정수의 집합 ) Q = {p/q | p  Z, q  Z, q  0} The rational numbers. ( 유리수의 집합 ) R = The Real numbers, such as … ( 실수의 집합 ) Infinite sets come in different sizes! ( 무한집합이라도 크기가 다를 수 있다.)  We will cover it later. Sets

Discrete Mathematics by Yang-Sae Moon Page 6 Venn Diagrams Sets

Discrete Mathematics by Yang-Sae Moon Page 7 원소 (Elements or Members) x  S (“x is in S ”) is the proposition that object x is an  lement or member of set S. (x 는 S 의 원소이다.) e.g. 3  N, ‘a’  { x | x is a letter of the alphabet} Can define set equality in terms of  relation: ( 원소 기호를 사용한 두 집합의 동치 증명 ) S = T   x(x  S  x  T)   x(x  T  x  S)   x(x  S  x  T) “Two sets are equal iff they have all the same members.” x  S   (x  S)  “x is not in S” (x 는 S 의 원소가 아니다.) Sets

Discrete Mathematics by Yang-Sae Moon Page 8 공집합 (Empty Set)  (“null”, “the empty set”) is the unique set that contains no elements. ( 공집합 (  ) 이란 원소가 하나도 없는 유일한 집합이다.)  = {} = {x|False}   {  } 공집합 공집합을 원소로 하는 집합 Sets

Discrete Mathematics by Yang-Sae Moon Page 9 Subsets( 부분집합 ) and Supersets( 모집합 ) S  T (“S is a subset of T”) means that every element of S is also an element of T. (S 의 모든 원소는 T 의 원소이다.) S  T   x (x  S  x  T)   S, S  S ( 모든 집합은 공집합과 자기 자신을 부분집합으로 가진다.) S  T (“S is a superset of T”) means T  S. Note S = T  (S  T)  (S  T) S  T means  (S  T), i.e.  x(x  S  x  T) Sets

Discrete Mathematics by Yang-Sae Moon Page 10 Proper Subsets & Supersets S  T (“S is a proper subset of T”) means that S  T but T  S. Similar for S  T. (S 가 T 에 포함되나 T 는 S 에 포함되지 않으면, S 를 T 의 진부분집합이라 한다.) S T Venn Diagram equivalent of S  T Example: {1,2}  {1,2,3} Sets

Discrete Mathematics by Yang-Sae Moon Page 11 Sets are Objects, Too! The objects that are elements of a set may themselves be sets. ( 집합 자체도 객체가 될 수 있고, 따라서 집합도 다른 집합의 원소가 될 수 있다.) For example, let S={x | x  {1,2,3}} then S={ , {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,3}, {1,2,3} } Note that 1  {1}  {{1}} !!!! Sets

Discrete Mathematics by Yang-Sae Moon Page 12 Cardinality and Finiteness |S| (read “the cardinality of S”) is a measure of how many different elements S has. (|S| 는 집합 S 의 원소 중에서 서로 다른 값을 가지는 원소의 개수이다.) E.g., |  |=0, |{1,2,3}| = 3, |{a,b}| = 2, |{{1,2,3},{4,5}}| = ____ If |S|  N, then we say S is finite. Otherwise, we say S is infinite. What are some infinite sets we’ve seen? Sets

Discrete Mathematics by Yang-Sae Moon Page 13 Power Sets ( 멱집합 ) The power set P(S) of a set S is the set of all subsets of S. P(S) = {x | x  S} (P(S) 는 집합 S 의 모든 부분집합을 원소로 하는 집합 ) Examples: P({a,b}) = { , {a}, {b}, {a,b}}. P(  ) = {  }, P({  }) = { , {  }}. Sometimes P(S) is written 2 S. Note that for finite S, |P(S)| = |2 S |= 2 |S|. It turns out that |P(N)| > |N|. There are different sizes of infinite sets! ( 자연수 집합의 power set 의 크기가 자연수 집합보다 크다 ?!) Sets

Discrete Mathematics by Yang-Sae Moon Page 14 Ordered n-tuples Ordered n-tuples are like sets, except that duplicates matter, and the order makes a difference. (Ordered n-tuple 에서는 원소의 중복이 허용되고, 순서도 차이를 나타낸다.) For n  N, an ordered n-tuple or a sequence of length n is written (a 1, a 2, …, a n ). The first element is a 1, etc. Note (1, 2)  (2, 1)  (2, 1, 1). Empty sequence, singlets, pairs, triples, quadruples, …, n-tuples. 순서가 중요함 ( 의미를 가짐 ) 중복이 허용됨 ( 의미를 가짐 ) Sets

Discrete Mathematics by Yang-Sae Moon Page 15 Cartesian Products For sets A, B, their Cartesian product A  B = {(a, b) | a  A  b  B }. (a 가 A 의 원소이고 b 가 B 의 원소인 모든 순서쌍 (pair) (a, b) 의 집합이다.) E.g. {a,b}  {1,2} = {(a,1),(a,2),(b,1),(b,2)} Note that for finite A, B, |A  B|=|A||B|. Note that the Cartesian product is not commutative:  AB: A  B=B  A (Cartesian product 는 교환법칙이 성립하지 않는다.) E.g. {a,b}  {1,2}  {1,2}  {a,b} = {(1,a),(1,b),(2,a),(2,b)} A 1  A 2  …  A n = {(a 1, a 2, …, a n ) | a i  A i, i = 1, 2, 3, …, n} Sets