The INTERTANKO option for the revision of Annex VI - IMO regulation for the Prevention of Air Pollution from ships by Manager Research and Projects CMAC NATIONAL MEETING Ottawa 5 November 2007 ‘

Shipping and the environment

INTERTANKO for safe transportation, cleaner seas and free competition Accidental oil pollution into the sea Source: ITOPF/Fearnleys 1000 ts spilt bntonne-m

Shipping and the environment ~60,000 ships (above 400 GT) 7,507,000,000 ts goods / year average distance 4,400 miles >90% of total world trade Consumes 9% of world oil CO 2 emission share < 1/2 oil consumption share Simple infrastructure Economics of scale: One VLCC = 8,000 tank trucks 1 ltr of fuel on a modern Very Large Crude Carrier moves 1 tonne of cargo > 2,800 km but

Trends – Co2 emission, energy use, global trade Source: Fearnleys/INTERTANKO Index

Shipping and the environment Fuelled by the dirtiest part of the barrel resulting in emission of : SOx NOx uncombusted hydrocarbon Heavy metals Soot

Reducing harmful emissions from ships Onboard abatement technology –Scrubbers, filters, separators, catalysts SECAs/NECAs –Sulphur/Nitrogen Emission Control Areas Type and quality of fuel –Heavy fuel oil = a blending of refinery residues and distillate (up to 30% dist.) –Distillates = gasoil and diesel

The world is moving away from HFO Oil consumption by product - % share Source: INTERTANKO/BP Review % share mbd

Refineries are moving away from HFO The new line at Neste’s Porvoo refinery will use residue oil to produce 1 m ts per year sulphur-free, clean motor fuels, particularly diesel fuel. The fuel will meet the latest environmental requirements in Europe and N America. The refinery will be capable of considerably increasing the refining of very profitable products, such as sulphur-free diesel fuel.

Refineries are moving away from HFO ……..company’s early commitment in the mid- 1990s to making cleaner fuels, and by being proactive about finding the technology needed to achieve this.

Refineries are moving away from HFO Residue upgrading benefits both the refinery and the community: “Enhance financial performance Eliminate high sulphur fuel projects Replace obsolete utility faculties Meet future product specifications Reduce total refinery emission Provide cost-effective H 2 production based on converting residue Produce power for refinery use and export Increase feedstock flexibility – chance to use low-cost crude oils. Secure or even expand and business opportunities” Dr. Joachim Wolff: license and service manager for liquid and gas gasification for Shell Global Solutions. PhD from university of Dresden in thermodynamics. Piete Zuideveld: departmental manager of the gasification and hydrogen manufacturing technical department in Shell Global Solutions. Working for Shell for 27 years and has experience in gasification, gas treating, gas to liquids and gas business development. Source: en/knowledge_centre/pres_speeches_papers/2006/r efinery_residuals_ html Enhance financial performance reduce emission more business opportunities

Shipping needs INTERTANKO seeks Significant reduction of harmful emission Long-term, predictable and solid IMO standards A feasible, realistic and sustainable solution No unilateral nor regional regulations

Why not scrubbers? Still under testing (2 ship limited scale) Large Expensive Difficult (impossible?) to install CO 2 emission (buffering effect) Leaves hazardous waste Waste disposal – no-one wants it Tonnes of seawater need to be processed/added We are involved in transportation – not waste treatment

Why not SECAs? Air pollution knows no borders Most ships operate close to shore International shipping needs global regulations Switching fuels – a safety problem More SECAs on the way- and more problems Sulphur Emission Control Areas, the Baltic and the North Sea LSFO availability “..refineries have a clear incentive for further conversion of its entire residual streams to distillate products compared to residue desulphurisation to produce more LSFO” (CONCAWE) May 2006 Nov 2007 SE C AS Confusions, Complexities, Criminalisation ?

Why switching to distillates? A simple solution : 1. Significant global reduction of emission SO x, %, PM, %, NOx, - 15%, No heavy metals, Less soot 2. A more healthy environment for crew and dockworkers 3. No onboard waste 4. Reduces overall fuel consumption (and CO 2 ) 5. Better and easier control or monitoring of ships Cleaner, Simpler and more Efficient ships

Why switching to distillates?..continue: 6. Fewer engine breakdowns and potential pollution accidents 7. Less pollution when spilled 8. Provides opportunity for the development of more efficient engines (w. less emission) 9. Applies to all ships and all current engines 10. No safety problem in connection with switching fuels Cleaner, Simpler and more Efficient ships

Switching to distillates CO2 balance +CO 2 emission when continuing to burn HFO: buffering from scrubbers higher fuel consumption NOx control running of scrubbers heating of HFO burning handling of waste running of abatement equipment +CO 2 emission when burning distillates: conversion of HFO to distillates - which may be balanced by increased power production construction of conversion plants handling of waste from conversion plants less fuel consumption

Status IMO Group of Experts – report end 2007 Basic data needed Status quo- fleet, emission Costs - investment in refinery upgrading, scrubbers Costs to the environment and society – pollution, health Council’s conclusion –2008 U.S. considers own legislation if the IMO does not deliver IMO Group of Experts will provide figures and need input

INTERTANKO: a long-term practicable measure to reduce emission necessary Shipping is energy efficient - but burning the dirtiest part of the barrel causes pollution The oil industry is moving towards cleaner fuels There are 10 good reasons for switching to distillates Large investments necessary over a prolonged period - no matter the solution The costs involved are the costs to the society which will mainly be the impact on the environment (cost effect of increased freight will be marginal) Cleaner shipping

Bunker price $/tonne