The Crusades Agenda Review of Section 1 (Quiz Thursday) Review of Section 1 (Quiz Thursday) Video Video

I. Causes A. Seljuq Turks – took control of Palestine (Holy Land) – modern-day Israel. Attacked Asia Minor and threatened Constantinople. B. Byzantine emperor begs Pope Urban II for help. C. Pope Urban II – calls for a war to win back the Holy Land (main goal for all the crusades). D. People went for different reasons. 1. Salvation 2. Land/wealth 3. Money (merchants) 4. Adventure (fight)

II. The First Crusade A – Led by French and Italian Lords. B. Crusaders marched to Palestine – difficult because of extreme heat and lack of food/water. C. Attacked/captured Antioch first. D. Marched toward Jerusalem. E. Seljuq Turks are unorganized and quarreled among themselves. F. Crusaders enter Jerusalem and kill Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. G. After capture of Jerusalem, Palestine is under European control. H. Muslims/Christians grow to respect each other and share customs, clothing and food.

III. Other Crusades A. Second Crusade – Led by Louis VII (France) and Conrad III (Germany) B. Turks had taken back many of the cities. C. Crusaders never made it to Jerusalem – defeated in Damascus (Syria) – and returned home. D. Third Crusade – – “Kings Crusade” – led by Frederick Barbarossa (HRE), Phillip II (France) and Richard I (England). E. Cause – Saladin had recaptured Jerusalem. F. Barbarossa drowns, Phillip and Richard argue. G. Richard goes to Jerusalem alone with his army and loses.

III. Other Crusades H. Fourth Crusade – French knights and Venetians (Italian city-state). I.Pope Innocent III sends them. J.French attack Christian city of Zadar (along the Adriatic coast) – leads to their excommunication by the pope. K.Crusaders attack/take over Constantinople – under European control for 60 years. L.Children’s Crusade (1212) – disaster. Young crusaders had no training, equipment (weapons) or supplies (food). Those that made it to France were tricked into boarding a slave ship – never made it to the Holy Land. M.5 other failed crusades – Muslims finally capture Acre – ending the Crusade era.

IV. Results A. Only the first Crusade succeeded – Muslims control Palestine. B. Weapons 1. Crossbow – powerful horizontally fired bow capable of penetrating chain mail and plate armor. 2. Undermining walls (instead of trying to knock them down) 3. Improved catapults to fling rocks over walls. 4. Introduction to gunpowder. C. Politics – knights sold land to fund their trips = no power. Others died in Crusades. Thus – Kings increase power – helps bring an end to feudalism. Pope becomes more powerful. D. Ideas/Trade – Crusaders gained knowledge and exchanged ideas with Muslims and Byzantines through the Crusades and international trade begins again. Thus, European culture is enriched through the Crusades, even though the final goal has not been accomplished.