Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Bellringer 1. What is a polar covalent bond? 2. What is the difference between inorganic and organic compounds? 3. Is it inorganic or organic? H 2 O CO 2 CH 4

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Include sugars and starches Classified according to size Monosaccharides – simple sugars Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars

Carbohydrates Slide 2.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.12a, b

Carbohydrates Slide 2.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.12c

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen Insoluble in water

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.30a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common lipids in the human body Neutral fats (triglycerides) Found in fat deposits Composed of fatty acids and glycerol Source of stored energy

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.30b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common lipids in the human body (continued) Phospholipids Form cell membranes Steroids Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones

Slide 2.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.14a, b Lipids

Slide 2.32 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.14c Cholesterol

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins Made of amino acids Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.33b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Account for over half of the body’s organic matter Provides for construction materials for body tissues Plays a vital role in cell function Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

Enzymes Slide 2.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Act as biological catalysts Increase the rate of chemical reactions Figure 2.16

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids Provide blueprint of life Nucleotide bases A = Adenine G = Guanine C = Cytosine T = Thymine U = Uracil Make DNA and RNA

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix Replicates before cell division Provides instruction for every protein in the body Figure 2.17c

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Chemical energy used by all cells Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Slide 2.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.18a

How ATP Drives Cellular Work Slide 2.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.19