Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Biochemistry: Essentials for Life Slide 2.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon Tend to be simpler compounds Example: H 2 O (water)

Important Inorganic Compounds Slide 2.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Water Most abundant inorganic compound in body Vital properties High heat capacity – body temp stays stable Polarity – water’s polarity makes it a great solvent which allows rxns to occur easier, allows gases/wastes to be more easily transported or exchanged and provides lubrication throughout the body

Important Inorganic Compounds Slide 2.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Water Most abundant inorganic compound in body Vital properties Chemical reactivity – to break down food, water must be added (hydrolysis rxn) Cushioning – cerebrospinal fluid surrounds the brain and cushions it from trauma; amniotic fluid has a similar function during pregnancy

Important Inorganic Compounds Slide 2.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Salts Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water Vital to many body functions: calcium & phosphorus for bones/teeth; sodium & potassium for nerve impulses and iron for hemoglobin Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

Important Inorganic Compounds Slide 2.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acids Can release detectable hydrogen ions which is really just a proton, so called proton donors Can act as an electrolyte in the body Hydrochloric acid is used in digestion Bases Proton acceptors Can act as an electrolyte in the body Bicarbonate is a base found in blood

pH Slide 2.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Living cells are really sensitive to changes in pH Regulated by kidneys, lungs and chemicals found in body fluids (buffers) Blood pH is extra important since it flows to all cells all the time. It should be A small change can be life threatening Figure 2.11

pH Slide 2.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions pH 7 = neutral pH below 7 = acidic pH above 7 = basic Buffers Chemicals that can regulate pH change Figure 2.11

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Include sugars and starches Classified according to size Monosaccharides – simple sugars Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars

Carbohydrates Slide 2.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.12a, b

Carbohydrates Slide 2.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.12c

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen Most are insoluble in water (not polar) Common foods: meat, egg yolks, dairy & oils

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.30a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3 common types of lipids in the human body Neutral fats (triglycerides) Phospholipids Steroids Plus lipids are part of some vitamins (fat soluble – Vitamin a, e & k), prostaglandins and lipoproteins (HDL & LDL in blood)

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.30a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neutral fats (triglycerides) Found in fat deposits under our skin and around our organs So a source of stored energy Also help insulate and cushion body A big molecule that looks like an E Can be saturated or unsaturated, from plants or animals, solid or liquid

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.30b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Phospholipids Very similar to triglycerides – a big E but contain one phosphate group instead The phosphate makes them polar on one end, so can dissolve in water or oil Form cell membranes and help regulate what can come in or out of the cell Steroids Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones

Slide 2.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.14a, b Lipids

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.30b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Steroids Very flat molecules and small compared to the other 2 lipids – 4 interlocking rings Include cholesterol which helps form bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones (sex hormones & cortisol) Too much of any steroid is hard on our bodies, especially the kidneys

Slide 2.32 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.14c Cholesterol

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins Made of amino acids – 20 different ones in humans Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur Chains of 50 to thousands of a.a. form a huge variety of proteins for many purposes Order or sequence of the a.a. determines the type of protein

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.33b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins Account for over half of the body’s organic matter Provides for construction materials for body tissues Plays a vital role in cell function Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.33b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins 2 big categories of proteins are fibrous and globular proteins A special group of proteins serve as enzymes in our bodies

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.33b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Proteins (help anatomy) They are strand like and found in all of the bodies structures: muscle, bone, cells Also called structural proteins Very stable and resistant

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.33b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Globular Proteins (help physiology) Have a sphere or globe shape and move around body Play a crucial role in just about all body functions, includes enzymes Also called functional proteins Very fragile structures that are easily destroyed (denatured) by heat or change in pH

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.33b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Enzymes A special group of globular proteins Act as catalysts to speed up reactions Work by holding the substance into the correct position for the reaction to occur Are easily destroyed and many do destroy after use (like the enzyme to clot blood)

Enzymes Slide 2.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.16

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids Make up our genes, so determine who we are Made up of nucleotide bases A = Adenine G = Guanine C = Cytosine T = Thymine (DNA only) U = Uracil (RNA only) Make DNA and RNA

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Organized by complementary bases to form double helix Provides instruction for every protein in the body RNA carries out the instructions and is a single strand Figure 2.17c

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Chemical energy used by all cells Very similar in structure to a nucleotide Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond ATP is replenished by digesting food fuels

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Slide 2.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.18a

How ATP Drives Cellular Work Slide 2.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.19