Transformation of Energy Activity/Investigation Review

What is Energy???

Mechanical Energy Part I

Activity 1: “Balls and Ramps” The speed of a released object increases as it moves downward. The speed of a released object increases as it moves downward. Speed is a quantity that can be calculated from measured variables. (Distance and Time.) Speed is a quantity that can be calculated from measured variables. (Distance and Time.) Speed = Distance / Time Speed = Distance / Time Lab Tip: The steeper the incline, the faster the speed. Lab Tip: The steeper the incline, the faster the speed. GPE? Huh? GPE? Huh?

Activity 2: “Knock ‘Em Down” Energy can be transferred from one object to another. Energy can be transferred from one object to another. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. (Law of Conservation of Energy) Energy cannot be created or destroyed. (Law of Conservation of Energy) The kinetic energy of an object is a quantity that indicates how much the object can change its surroundings. The kinetic energy of an object is a quantity that indicates how much the object can change its surroundings. The kinetic energy of an object depends on the object’s speed and mass. The kinetic energy of an object depends on the object’s speed and mass.

Activity 3: “Passing Energy Along” An object receives a form of stored energy when it has been lifted up above the floor. We call this Gravitational Potential Energy. An object receives a form of stored energy when it has been lifted up above the floor. We call this Gravitational Potential Energy. This stored energy can transform into kinetic energy as the object moves downward. This stored energy can transform into kinetic energy as the object moves downward. The particles that make up materials are in constant but random motion. The combined random kinetic energy of particles is called heat energy. The particles that make up materials are in constant but random motion. The combined random kinetic energy of particles is called heat energy. When the kinetic energy of an object seems to disappear it has been transformed into a different form of energy,. Either a form of stored energy, or heat energy. When the kinetic energy of an object seems to disappear it has been transformed into a different form of energy,. Either a form of stored energy, or heat energy.

Activity 4: Pendulum Under the right conditions, the stored energy of an object can transform into kinetic energy, and this kinetic energy can then transform back into stored energy. (GPE  KE  GPE) Under the right conditions, the stored energy of an object can transform into kinetic energy, and this kinetic energy can then transform back into stored energy. (GPE  KE  GPE) Whenever an object moves through the air, part of its kinetic energy is transferred to the particles in the air. Whenever an object moves through the air, part of its kinetic energy is transferred to the particles in the air.

Activity 5: “Bouncing Golf Balls” When an object strikes a surface, the quantity of kinetic energy transferred to the surface is determined by the physical propertites of the object and the surface, and the size of the object’s kinetic energy. When an object strikes a surface, the quantity of kinetic energy transferred to the surface is determined by the physical propertites of the object and the surface, and the size of the object’s kinetic energy. When an object strikes a surface, the KE transferred to the surface takes the form of organized vibrations of the particles that make up the surface. Through these “wave-like” vibrations, the energy is spread from particle to particle throughout the surface material. When an object strikes a surface, the KE transferred to the surface takes the form of organized vibrations of the particles that make up the surface. Through these “wave-like” vibrations, the energy is spread from particle to particle throughout the surface material. The organized vibrations of the particles quickly become random as the kinetic energy is transformed to heat energy. The organized vibrations of the particles quickly become random as the kinetic energy is transformed to heat energy.

Activity 6: “Where is the energy going?” Identifying the energy transfers and energy transformations that take place in everyday phenomena helps us better understand the changes that are taking place. Identifying the energy transfers and energy transformations that take place in everyday phenomena helps us better understand the changes that are taking place. ENERGY CHAINS ENERGY CHAINS

The Properties of Heat Energy Part II

Activity 7 The collective random kinetic energy of particles is called heat energy. The collective random kinetic energy of particles is called heat energy. This form of kinetic energy will not make an object move because it is at the particle level. This form of kinetic energy will not make an object move because it is at the particle level. Even large quantities of heat energy in an object cannot make the object move. Even large quantities of heat energy in an object cannot make the object move. If heat energy is concentrated, the temperature and other properties of the object will noticeably change. If heat energy is concentrated, the temperature and other properties of the object will noticeably change. Sliding friction is a force that transforms the KE to HE. Sliding friction is a force that transforms the KE to HE.

Activity 8 The transfer of heat energy into or out of our skin will influence whether something feels hot, warm, cool, or cold. The transfer of heat energy into or out of our skin will influence whether something feels hot, warm, cool, or cold. The temperature of an object is NOT determined by how the object feels to our touch. The temperature of an object is linked to the motion of the individual particles that make up the object. The temperature of an object is NOT determined by how the object feels to our touch. The temperature of an object is linked to the motion of the individual particles that make up the object. The greater the average KE of its particles, the higher the temperature will be. The greater the average KE of its particles, the higher the temperature will be.

Activity 9 Heat energy is the combined random kinetic energy of the particles that make up an object. Heat IS energy. Heat energy is the combined random kinetic energy of the particles that make up an object. Heat IS energy. The temperature of an object is an indicator of the motion of its particles. The temperature of an object is an indicator of the motion of its particles. The temperature change of a substance is determined by how much energy it receives (or transfers away) and its mass. The temperature change of a substance is determined by how much energy it receives (or transfers away) and its mass.

Activity 10 When heat energy is transferred out of a substance its temperature usually drops. When heat energy is transferred out of a substance its temperature usually drops. When heat energy is transferred into a substance, its temperature will usually rise. When heat energy is transferred into a substance, its temperature will usually rise. How much the temperature rises or falls when a given amount of heat energy is transferred depends on the mass of the substance. How much the temperature rises or falls when a given amount of heat energy is transferred depends on the mass of the substance. When two substances are mixed together, heat energy will be transferred HOT to where it’s NOT. “High- Looooooow.” When two substances are mixed together, heat energy will be transferred HOT to where it’s NOT. “High- Looooooow.”

Activity 11 Heat energy passes through solids in a process called conduction. The heat energy moves through the solid, but matter does not move through the solid. Heat energy passes through solids in a process called conduction. The heat energy moves through the solid, but matter does not move through the solid. The particle Model can be used to explain conduction as a process where heat energy is passed from particle to particle through collisions. The particle Model can be used to explain conduction as a process where heat energy is passed from particle to particle through collisions. When a solid, liquid, or gas receives heat energy and its temperatures increases, it will expand. As the substance expands, its density decreases. When a solid, liquid, or gas receives heat energy and its temperatures increases, it will expand. As the substance expands, its density decreases.

Activity 11, continued… When the density of part of a liquid or gas changes, the difference in density within these substances will result in motion with the liquid or gas. Less dense material will rise, and more dense material will sink. When the density of part of a liquid or gas changes, the difference in density within these substances will result in motion with the liquid or gas. Less dense material will rise, and more dense material will sink. When heat energy is transported through a liquid or gas by mass flow in these substances, the process is called convection. When heat energy is transported through a liquid or gas by mass flow in these substances, the process is called convection.

Waves and the Energy They Carry Part III

Activity 12 Waves are vibrations or disturbances that transport energy. Waves are vibrations or disturbances that transport energy. Some waves can only travel through matter and other waves can travel through matter or through empty regions of space… “No Air…” Some waves can only travel through matter and other waves can travel through matter or through empty regions of space… “No Air…” Waves transport energy; they do not transport mass. Waves transport energy; they do not transport mass.

Activity 13 Mechanical waves travel through solids, liquids, and gases. Mechanical waves travel through solids, liquids, and gases. Some waves are spread over extended intervals in space and deliver energy continuously. Other waves are of short duration and deliver pulses of energy. Some waves are spread over extended intervals in space and deliver energy continuously. Other waves are of short duration and deliver pulses of energy. Mechanical waves can be characterized by their frequencies, wavelengths, and speeds. Mechanical waves can be characterized by their frequencies, wavelengths, and speeds. Mechanical waves include vibrations that can be heard, and vibrations with frequencies too low or too high to be heard. Mechanical waves include vibrations that can be heard, and vibrations with frequencies too low or too high to be heard.

Activity 14 Electromagnetic Waves have a broad range of characteristics, depending on their wavelength or frequency. Electromagnetic Waves have a broad range of characteristics, depending on their wavelength or frequency. Sunlight consists primarily of waves that we can see (visible light), infrared waves, and ultraviolet waves. Sunlight consists primarily of waves that we can see (visible light), infrared waves, and ultraviolet waves. When a wave strikes a surface, the energy carried by the wave will either reflect off of the surface, or pass into the surface. The energy that passes into the surface will either pass through the material or be absorbed by the material. When a wave strikes a surface, the energy carried by the wave will either reflect off of the surface, or pass into the surface. The energy that passes into the surface will either pass through the material or be absorbed by the material. The characteristics of the wave (wavelength and frequency) and the properties of the material determine how much of the energy carried by the wave reflects from, transmits through, or is absorbed by the material. The characteristics of the wave (wavelength and frequency) and the properties of the material determine how much of the energy carried by the wave reflects from, transmits through, or is absorbed by the material.