Jin Huang Brookhaven National Lab ● Motivation ● PHENIX ● STAR ● eRHIC Detectors ● ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PHENIX Collaboration STAR Collaboration BNL EIC Task Force BNL CA-D department 23 RD C ONFERENCE ON A PPLICATION OF A CCELERATORS IN R ESEARCH AND I NDUSTRY

 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) ◦ The most versatile hadron collider in the world, and world’s first and only spin-polarized proton collider ◦ Two running experiments as of today  Pioneering High Energy Nuclear Interaction eXperiment (PHENIX)  Solenoidal Tracker At RHIC (STAR)  Recent Heavy Flavor Tracker upgrade, see talk NP08/322 J. Schambach  : RHIC with upgraded capability ◦ Comprehensive upgrade of PHENIX detector by reusing the BaBar Solenoidal magnet: sPHENIX and fsPHENIX  Central detector upgrade, see talk NP08/356, A. Franz ◦ STAR plans a series of detector upgrade in the forward-looking direction  2025+: BNL envisions of a high luminosity spin-polarized electron ion collider (EIC), eRHIC ◦ Three studies of possible detectors for eRHIC ◦ Continue upgrade paths for PHENIX and STAR lead to EIC detectors ◦ A purpose-built detector to fully optimize for EIC physics CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 2 Strong interest in EIC in the nuclear physics community also shown in next talk, an EIC envisioned by Jefferson Lab: NP08/433, P. Turonski

 Search for QCD critical point and onset of deconfinement →STAR detector with upgraded TPC is well suited for this study  Detailed study using strongly interacting Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) using jet observables and heavy flavor quarks →Jet detection in the central rapidity →Tagging of heavy flavor quark production with lepton ID and displaced vertex  Understand the mystery of large transverse spin asymmetry in hadron collisions, spin puzzle of proton, property of cold nuclear matter →Jet detection in the forward-looking directions and hadron distribution within jets, jet correlations →Drell-Yan -> lepton pair, W/Z -> lepton and direct photon ID Jin Huang Quark and gluons inside spin-polarized protons Big Bang in the Universe

CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 5 Courtesy: eRHIC pre-CDR BNL CA-D department eRHIC: reuse one of the RHIC rings + high intensity electron energy recovery linearc Possible detectors studied:  sPHENIX → ePHENIX  STAR → eSTAR  A purpose-built detector 50 mA polarized electron gun Beams of eRHIC  250 GeV polarized proton  100 GeV/N heavy nuclei  15 GeV polarized electron  luminosity ≥ cm -2 s -1  Also, 20 GeV electron beam with reduced lumi.

 The compelling question: How are the sea quarks and gluons, and their spins, distributed in space and momentum inside the nucleon?  Deliverable measurement using polarized electron- proton collisions ◦ The longitudinal spin of the proton, through Deep-Inelastic Scattering (DIS) ◦ Transverse motion of quarks and gluons in the proton, through Semi-Inclusive Deep-Inelastic Scattering (SIDIS) ◦ Tomographic imaging of the proton, through Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS)  Leading detector requirement: ◦ Good detection and kinematic determination of DIS electrons ◦ Momentum measurement and PID of hadrons ◦ Detection of exclusive production of photon/vector mesons and scattered proton ◦ Beam polarimetry and luminosity measurements CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 6 Outlined in EIC white paper, arXiv:

 The compelling questions: ◦ Where does the saturation of gluon densities set in? ◦ How does the nuclear environment affect the distribution of quarks and gluons and their interactions in nuclei?  Deliverable measurement using electron-ion collisions ◦ Probing saturation of gluon using diffractive process and correlation measurements ◦ Nuclear modification for hadron and heavy flavor production in DIS events; probe of nPDF ◦ Exclusive vector-meson production in eA  Leading detector requirement: ◦ ID of hadron and heavy flavor production ◦ Large calorimeter coverage to ID diffractive events ◦ Detection/rejection of break-up neutron production in eA collisions CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 7 Outlined in EIC white paper, arXiv: q h ** e’e’ e

CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 8 ~2000~2020~2025Time Current PHENIX f/sPHENIX An EIC detector  Current PHENIX as you have been working on  14y+ work 100+M$ investment  130+ published papers to date  Last run 2016  Comprehensive central upgrade base on BaBar magnet  New opportunity for forward upgrade  Jet detector with H-Cal coverage from -1<η<4  Path of PHENIX upgrade leads to a capable EIC detector  Large coverage of tracking, calorimetry and PID Documented: RHIC: A+A, spin-polarized p+p, spin-polarized p+A eRHIC: e+p, e+A

Details in Talk NP08 # 356, Achim Franz (BNL)  sPHENIX: major upgrade to the PHENIX experiment  Physics Goals: detailed study QGP using jets and heavy quarks at RHIC energy region  Baseline consists of new large acceptance EMCal+HCal built around recently acquired BaBar magnet. Additional tracking also planned  MIE submitted to DOE Strong support from BNL DOE scientific review in July 2014  A good foundation for future detector upgrade 9 Baseline detectors for sPHENIX sPHENIX MIE, CAARI 2014 Jin Huang

 BaBar superconducting magnet became available ◦ Built by Ansaldo → SLAC ~1999 ◦ Nominal field: 1.5T ◦ Radius : cm ◦ Length: 385 cm  Field calculation and yoke tuning ◦ Three field calculator cross checked: POISSION, FEM and OPERA ◦ Using hadron calorimeters as yoke  Excellent features ◦ Designed for homogeneous B-field in central tracking ◦ Longer field volume for forward tracking ◦ Higher current density at end of the magnet -> better forward bending ◦ Work well with RICH in ePHENIX yoke: Forward & central Hcal + Steel lampshade  Ownership officially transferred to BNL, preparing for shipping summer 2014 CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 10 BaBar solenoid packed for shipping, May

p↑p↑ p↑p↑ p/A IP  Shared detector with future eRHIC program and deliver an unique forward program with RHIC’s pp/pA collision  white paper submitted to BNL in Apr 2014: CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 11 ePHENIX GEM + H-Cal → Forward jet with charge sign tagging → Unlock secrets of large A N in hadron collisions + reuse current silicon tracker & Muon ID detector → polarized Drell-Yan with muons → Critical test of TMD framework + central detector (sPHENIX) → Forward-central correlations → Study cold nuclear matter in pA

 Challenge in GEM tracking to achieve high precession with large indenting angle in the lower η region  One innovation: use thicker drift gap in GEM as a mini-TPC and measure the tracklet  Successful test beam data for mini-Drift GEM  Large area GEM developments (also see talk, NP08/369 Y. Qiang ) CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 12 Courtesy : EIC RD6 TRACKING & PID CONSORTIUM Retain high position resolution using mini-Drift GEM Beam incident angle (degree) Beam test in Fermi-Lab: October 2013

CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 13 RICH GEM Station4 EMCal HCal GEM Station2 R (cm) HCal p/A EMCal GEMs EMCal & Preshower TPC DIRC η=+1 η= GEM Station3 GEMs Station1 η=-1 e-e- e-e- Aerogel z (cm) ZDC z≈12 m Outgoing hadron beam Roman Pots z ≫ 10 m R (cm) z ≤ 4.5m BBC  -1<η<+1 (barrel) : sPHENIX + Compact-TPC + DIRC  -4<η<-1 (e-going) : High resolution calorimeter + GEM trackers  +1<η<+4 (h-going) : ◦ 1<η<4 : GEM tracker + Gas RICH ◦ 1<η<2 : Aerogel RICH ◦ 1<η<5 : EM Calorimeter + Hadron Calorimeter  Along outgoing hadron beam: ZDC and roman pots Cost: sPHENIX MIE + 75M$ (including overhead + contingency) More: arXiv: Working title: “ePHENIX”

CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 14 IP p/A e-e- e-e- e-going GEMs -4.0 <η<-1 e-going GEMs -4.0 <η<-1 TPC -1 <η<+1 TPC -1 <η<+1 h-going GEMs 1 <η<2 h-going GEMs 1 <η<2 gas RICH 1 <η<4 gas RICH 1 <η<4 Fringe field1.5 T main fieldFringe field Geant4 model of detectors inside field region DIRC -1 <η<+1 DIRC -1 <η<+1 Aerogel RICH 1 <η<2 Aerogel RICH 1 <η<2 Tracking Hadron PID η p/A e-e- e-e- Calorimeters (H-Cal cover η > -1) Additional dp/p term: dp/p ≲ 3% for 1<η<3 dp/p~10% for η=4 TPC Kinematic e-going GEM Electron ID h-going GEM Hadron PID Main detector: Driving factor: dp/p~1%×p dp/p~0.1%×p

R (cm) Z (cm) RICH Mirror RICH Gas Volume (CF 4 ) η=1 η=2 η=3 η=4 Entrance Window Focal plane HBD detector spherical mirror center IP  Hadron ID for p>10GeV/c require gas Cherenkov ◦ CF 4 gas used, similar to LHC b RICH  Beautiful optics using spherical mirrors  Photon detection using CsI−coated GEM in hadron blind mode - thin and magnetic field resistant  Active R&D: ◦ Generic EIC R&D program ◦ recent beam tests by the stony brook group CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 15 Beam test data StonyBrook group Courtesy : EIC RD6 TRACKING & PID CONSORTIUM Fermilab T-1037 data Ring size (A.U.)

16  Strong fringe field unavoidable Tuned yoke → magnetic field line most along track within the RICH volume → very minor ring smearing due to track bending  Reached good hadron ID to high energy A RICH Ring: Photon distribution due to tracking bending only R Dispersion ΔR <2.5 mrad Dispersion ΔR <2.5 mrad R < 52 mrad for C 4 F 10 RICH EMCal η~1 η~4 Aerogel track Purity PID purity at η=4 (most challenging region w/ δp) Ring radius ± 1σ field effect for worst-case region at η~+1 πKp Field effect has very little impact for PID CAARI 2014 Jin Huang

17 Courtesy: Z.Y. Ye (UIC) RHIC/AGS User Meeting Tracking + PID : TPC 4m (L) x 4m (D) Tracking + PID : TPC 4m (L) x 4m (D) PID: TOF Run13/14 Muon Telescope detector Run13/14 Muon Telescope detector Run14 : Heavy Flavor Tracker See talk NP08/322 J. Schambach Run14 : Heavy Flavor Tracker See talk NP08/322 J. Schambach Run12/13 Forward GEM Tracker Run12/13 Forward GEM Tracker Calorimeters: BEMC, EEMC, FMS (-1<η<+4) Magnet: 0.5 T solenoidal 6m (L) x 6m (D) Magnet: 0.5 T solenoidal 6m (L) x 6m (D) Long-term upgrade focus on strengthen forward directions CAARI 2014 Jin Huang

CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 18 Courtesy: eSTAR LOI eRHIC pre-CDR RHIC eRHIC Color code:

CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 19  iTPC: Inner TPC upgrade ◦ Pad-row arrangement for readout upgrade ◦ Material reduction ◦ Extend eta coverage, increase dE/dx resolution and low-pt coverage  CEMC: Crystal EM Calorimeter ◦ New type of crystal (BSO) ◦ Cost-effective crystal electromagnetic calorimeter  GTRD: GEM based TRD ◦ Help electron ID by detecting transition radiation from electron ◦ Additional dE/dx point for hadrons ◦ Additional tracking point Courtesy: E. Sichtermann (LBNL) DIS2014, eSTAR LOI

FCS: Forward Calorimetry System  EM Calorimeter: W-Epoxy and scintillator fiber sampling calorimeter ◦ dE/E ~ 12%/ √E ◦ Compact: X 0 ~ 7mm, R m ~2.3cm,  Hadron calorimeter: Pb and scintillator plates (10mm and 2.5mm) sampling structure, photon readout using 3mm thick WLS bar ◦ dE/E ~ 60%/ √E CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 20 Courtesy: O. Tsai (UCLA) CALO2014 Prototype 2014 Fermilab Beam test: Good linearity Resolution consist. w/ Geant4

CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 21 Solenoidal magnetic field with high precision silicon and GEM tracking Lepton-ID: -3 <  < 3: e/p 1 <|  |< 3: Hcal 3 <|  |< 4: Ecal & Hcal |  |< 4:  suppression via tracking hadron PID: 1<|  |<3: RICH -1<  <1: TPC (dE/dx) Central rapidities PID possiblities: DIRC, Time-of-Flight, proximity focusing Aerogel-RICH, … p/A e-e- e-e- Courtesy: BNL EIC taskforce

 Compact trackers in ~3 T solenoidal magnetic field: ◦ MAPS silicon barrel and disk detectors / TPC / GEM stations  Tracking system modeled in detail under EIC-ROOT simulation-analysis framework  Expect 2-3% or better momentum resolution in the whole kinematic range  Alternative tracking solution studied: cylindrical micromegas instead of TPC CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 22 Courtesy: A.Kiselev (BNL), E.C. Aschenauer (BNL) DIS2014 

 Forward – FEMC - (η > 1): W-epoxy scintillating fiber sampling technology (STAR calorimeter upgrade)  Central – CEMC - (-1 < η < 1): Same as forward, but tapered towers  Backward – BEMC - (η < -1): Options of PWO crystals (~PANDA design) or high res. sampling calorimeter CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 23 Courtesy: A.Kiselev (BNL) DIS2014 O. Tsai (UCLA) CALO2014 EIC CEMC STAR FEMC 2014 Fermilab beam test for CEMC and FEMC. Result show good consistency to simulation CEMC beam test

CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 24 Courtesy: E.C. Aschenauer (BNL), A.Kiselev (BNL), DIS2014 An eRHIC IR design by Brett Parker (BNL) Collision point outgoing p/A incoming e -  For |z|<4.5m, machine-element free region for detectors  For shared region: close collaboration between BNL EIC taskforce and Collider-Accelerator Department with on-going studies: ◦ Roman Pots ◦ Zero Degree Calorimeter ◦ Low Q2 tagger ◦ Luminosity detector ◦ Electron polarimeter ◦ IP12: Hadron beam polarimeter A parallel study on MEIC to reach same physics goal: NP08/433, P. Turonski

 RHIC and eRHIC: unique facilities to study QCD origin of the universe and the world around us  Long term upgrade planed by both PHENIX and STAR collaborations to fully explore physics potential of RHIC ◦ PHENIX: comprehensive upgrade of detectors built upon recently acquired BaBar super conducting coil ◦ STAR: strengthens forward-looking detection capabilities  Studies of possible eRHIC detectors ◦ BaBar magnet and sPHENIX as foundation for an eRHIC detector ◦ STAR → eSTAR ◦ A purpose-built detector ◦ IR design on-going ◦ Active detector R&D program for EIC:  Exciting and abundant opportunities for innovation and collaboration CAARI 2014 Jin Huang 25