Slide 14.1 Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure 14.1 The UK microwave communications wideband distribution network

Slide 14.2 Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure 14.2 Splitting of a microwave frequency allocation into radio channels

Slide 14.3 Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure 14.3 Extraction (dropping) of a single radio channel in a microwave repeater

Slide 14.4 Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure 14.4 Frequency allocations on adjacent repeaters

Slide 14.5 Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure 14.5 Schematic illustration of ducting causing overreaching

Slide 14.6 Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure 14.6 Block diagram of a typical microwave digital radio terminal

Slide 14.7 Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure 14.7 Digital DPSK regenerative repeater for a single 30 MHz radio channel

Slide 14.8 Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure 14.8 ITU-R standard refractivity profile

Slide 14.9 Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure 14.9 Illustration of circular paths for rays in atmosphere with vertical n-gradient (α = 0 for ray 1, α ≠ 0 for ray 2). Geometry distorted for clarity

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Relative curvatures of earth’s surface and ray path in a standard atmosphere

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Straight ray model. (Note n ≈ 1.)

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Flat earth model (n ≈ 1 and negative radius indicates ray is concave upwards)

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Characteristic ray trajectories drawn with respect to a k = 4/3 earth radius

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Geometry for maximum range LOS link over a smooth, spherical, earth

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Fresnel ellipsoids

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Fresnel zones

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Path profile for hypothetical 4 GHz LOS link designed for 0.6 Fresnel zone (FZ) clearance when k = 0.7 (O = open ground, F = forested region, W = water)

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Definition of clearance, h, for knife edge diffraction

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Diffraction loss over a knife edge (negative loss indicates a diffraction gain)

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Specific attenuation due to gaseous constituents for transmissions through a standard atmosphere (20°C, pressure one atmosphere, water vapour content 7.5 g/m 3 ) Source: ITU-R Handbook of Radiometeorology, 1996, with the permission of the ITU

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Relationship between point and line rain rates as a function of hop length and percentage time point rain rate is exceeded Source: Hall and Barclay, 1989, reproduced with the permission of Peter Peregrinus

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Specific attenuation due to rain (curves derived on the basis of spherical raindrops) Source: ITU-R Handbook of Radiometeorology, 1996, reproduced with the permission of ITU

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Hydrometeor scatter causing interference between co-frequency systems

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Interference caused by ducting

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Selection of especially useful satellite orbits: (a) geostationary (GEO); (b) highly inclined highly elliptical (HIHEO); (c) polar orbit; and (d) low earth (LEO)

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Coverage areas as a function of elevation angle for a satellite with global beam antenna Source: from CCIR Handbook, 1988, reproduced with the permission of ITU

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Global coverage (excepting polar regions) from three geostationary satellites. (Approximately to scale, innermost circle represents 81° parallel.)

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Approximate uplink (↑) and downlink (↓) allocations for region 1 (Europe, Africa, former USSR, Mongolia) fixed satellite, and broadcast satellite (BSS), services

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Geostationary satellite geometry

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Antenna aperture temperature, T A, in clear air (pressure one atmosphere, surface temperature 20°C, surface water vapour concentration 10 g/m 3 ) Source: ITU-R Handbook of Radiometeorology, 1996, reproduced with the permission of the ITU

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Contours of EIRP with respect to EIRP on antenna boresight

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Simplified block diagram of satellite transponders: (a) single conversion C-band; (b) double conversion Ku-band (redundancy not shown)

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Amplitude and phase characteristic for typical satellite transponder TWT amplifier

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure CNRs on uplink and downlink

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Total ground level zenith attenuation (15°C, 1013 mb) for, A, dry atmosphere and, B, a surface water vapour content of 7.5 g/m 3 decaying exponentially with height Source: ITU-R Rec. P.676, 1995, reproduced with the permission of the ITU

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Slant path geometry

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Simplified block diagram of a traditional FDM/FM/FDMA earth station (only HPA/LNA redundancies shown)

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Illustration of MCPC FDM/FM/FDMA single transponder satellite network and frequency plan for the transponder (with nine participating earth stations)

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Parabolic noise power spectral density after FM demodulation

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Principle of time division multiple access (TDMA)

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Simplified block diagram of traditional TDM/QPSK/TDMA earth station. (Only HPA/LNA redundancies are shown.)

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Typical TDMA frame structure. (DSI-AC time slot is discussed in section )

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure TDMA master frame structure

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure Satellite switched time division multiple access (SS-TDMA)

Slide Ian Glover and Peter Grant, Digital Communications, 3 rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010 Figure SS-TDMA transponder