Material hybrids Objects, places, spaces

All (most?) hybrids have a material “basis” A musical hybrid is based on sound – Needs instruments – A way to listen to music – Memory/inscripti on – Places and spaces to practice and perform

Gardens Japanese gardens in Europe – Early 20 th c. – Opening up of Japan and E. Asia – Enjoyment of art and culture – Later gardens built in 1970s (particularly in US) after 1960’s growth of interest in Buddhism/Eastern spirituality

Balance

Austerity

Contemplation

Garden origins Place to interact with deities Mountain/water – these elements reconstructed Stones Strolling gardens/POV/reminde r of other places Bringing nature into sphere of human control

Moveable elements of hybrid Design – can have expert consultants Koi/carp and bonsai are transportable Plants not always

Portland Japanese GardenJapanese Garden

Tea houses/ceremonies Less flexible to “hybridization” except for who is eligible to learn about it. Instruments, utensils, room, tea master..tea master

How can cultural forms resist hybrization?