Animal Nutrition and Feeds 4/25/2017

What is Nutrition? Nutrition is the science of dealing with the utilization of food by the body processes which transform food into body tissues and energy. 4/25/2017

Why is Nutrition Important? To obtain and utilize surplus or unusable feed stuffs and convert them to desirable products such as meat, milk, eggs, fiber and work. 4/25/2017

What is a Nutrient? A single class of food or group of like foods that aids in the support of life and makes it possible for animals to grow or provide energy for physiological processes. 4/25/2017

Digestible Nutrient The portion of the nutrient which may be broken down (digested) and absorbed and used by the body. 4/25/2017

The Six Nutrients Needed Protein Carbohydrates Fats Minerals Vitamins Water 4/25/2017

Protein is needed for the following Developing and repairing body organs Producing milk, wool, and eggs Generating enzymes and hormones Developing antibodies Transmitting DNA 4/25/2017

Proteins Needed for growth and repair Helps form muscles, internal organs, skin, hair, wool, feathers, hoofs and horns Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen 4/25/2017

Proteins Complex nutrients, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Examples of Proteins Meat and Bone Meal Fish Meal Soybean Meal Cottonseed Meal Dried Skim Milk Amino Acids 4/25/2017

Proteins What are proteins? Organic compounds that are made up of amino acids Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins Most expensive part of animal ration

What are the 2 types of amino acids? Proteins What are the 2 types of amino acids? Non-Essential Amino Acids Needed by animals Are synthesized by the body from other A.A.’s and do not have to be provided

What are the 2 types of amino acids? Proteins What are the 2 types of amino acids? 2. Essential Amino Acids Cannot be made from other A.A.’s Must be provided in the diet Nonruminants need most of their A.A.’s provided

What are the 2 sources of proteins? Animal Proteins Meat and Bone Scraps Blood Meal Fish Meal Vegetable Proteins Soybeans Peanut Meal Hay Pastures

Proteins Animal Proteins Source vs. Vegetable/Plant Protein Source Which is a better source? Animal Proteins Why? They contain a good balance of the essential amino acids

Carbohydrates Furnish energy for body functions, growth and reproduction The largest part of the animal’s food supply and usually the fibrous part of the diet Include sugars, starch and cellulose Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen 4/25/2017

Carbohydrates Contain the chemical elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Made up of a group of chemicals called sugars, starches and crude fiber

Energy Nutrients- Carbs There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are they? Simple Carbs Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE’s) Consist of sugars and starches Supply immediate energy Come from cereal grains

Energy Nutrients- Carbs There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are they? 2. Complex Carbs Known as fiber Consist of cellulose and lignin More difficult to digest than simple CHO’s Fiber is found primarily and roughages such as hay and pasture plants. Examples are alfalfa, brome grass, orchard grass, and bluegrass.

Fats 2.25 times as much energy as carbohydrates do Furnish a concentrated source of energy, up to 2.25 times as much energy as carbohydrates do Form cholesterol, steroids and other body compounds Found in every cell in the body Affect the condition of skin and hair Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, but contain much larger proportions of carbon and hydrogen than carbohydrates do They also provide energy reserves, protection for vital organs, and they insulate the body 4/25/2017

Fats Made up of the same chemical elements as carbohydrates but in different combinations

Continued… Fats are needed for: Providing energy Absorbing fat soluble vitamins Providing fatty acids

Minerals Primarily found in bones and teeth Important in blood for the carrying of oxygen Regulates heartbeat with potassium, sodium and calcium Example: Calcium Formation Found in rocks 4/25/2017

Minerals Like vitamins however they support materials needed for building the skeletal system Also, producing body regulators such as enzymes and hormones.

Minerals What are minerals? Inorganic substances that animals need in small amounts Minerals contain no carbon

What are some functions of minerals? 1. Provide material for growth of: Bones, Teeth, and Tissue 2. Help with muscular activities 3. Reproduction 4. Digestion of feed

Minerals are divided into 2 groups, what are they? Major (macro) Minerals Trace (micro) Minerals

Minerals- Major Needed in large amounts 7 Macro Minerals Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Chlorine Potassium Sulfur Magnesium

What are the most common major minerals animal rations lack? Minerals- Major What are the most common major minerals animal rations lack? Sodium Calcium Phosphorous

Minerals- Major Sodium Functions: Deficiencies: Maintain osmotic pressure in cells Muscle and nerve activity Deficiencies: Reduced appetite Rough hair coat Cannibalism in chickens Dirt eating

Minerals- Major Calcium Functions: Deficiencies: Bone development Nerve and muscle function Deficiencies: Rickets- in young animals bones are soft, bend easily, and are malformed

Minerals- Major Phosphorus Functions: Deficiencies: Bone and Teeth Development Appetite Deficiencies: Rickets Stiffness in joints Loss of appetite

Minerals- Trace Needed in small amounts Sulfur Magnesium Iron Iodine Copper Cobalt Zinc Manganese Boron Molybdenum Fluorine Selenium

Are only needed in small amounts Are essential for life and health VITAMINS Are only needed in small amounts Are essential for life and health Provide a defense against disease, promote growth and reproduction Contribute to the general health of the animal 4/25/2017

Vitamins Are organic substances required in very small amounts Are necessary for biochemical reactions within the body.

Vitamins What are vitamins? Trace organic compounds needed in small amounts by animals Needed for development of normal tissues and for health, growth and maintenance

Vitamins are divided into 2 groups, what are they? Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A,D,E,K) Dissolved in fat Water-Soluble Vitamins (C, B-Complex) Dissolved in water

This Vitamin is associated with EYESIGHT What am I? 4/25/2017

Vitamin A Function: Deficiencies: Vision Conception Rates Disease Resistance Deficiencies: Night Blindness Blindness in calves Reproductive problems

This Vitamin is associated with BONES What am I? 4/25/2017

Vitamin D Function: Deficiencies: Bone Development Growth Rickets (young animals) Osteomalacia (older animals)

This Vitamin is associated with REPRODUCTION What am I? 4/25/2017

Vitamin E Function: Deficiencies: Reproduction Muscle Development E and Selenium together help immune system Deficiencies: Reproduction failure Muscular dystrophy

This Vitamin is associated with BLOOD What am I? 4/25/2017

Vitamin K Function: Deficiencies: Blood Clotting Blood doesn’t clot fast

What are some sources of Vitamin A,D,E,K? Vitamins What are some sources of Vitamin A,D,E,K? Green Leafy Hay Yellow Corn Cod Liver Fish Oils

This Vitamin is associated with TEETH/BONES What am I? 4/25/2017

Vitamin C Function: Formation of teeth and bones Prevents infections

This Vitamin is associated with APPETITE What am I? 4/25/2017

B- Complex Function: Appetite Growth Reproduction

What are some sources of water-soluble vitamins? Green Pastures and Hay Cereal Grains Milk

Water Water is in every cell of the animal It is more important than any other nutrient group The composition of an animals blood is 90-95 percent water

1. Drinking Water How much water do mature, non-stressed animals need? Swine= 2-5 gal/hd/day Sheep= 1-4 gal/hd/day Cattle= 8-16 gal/hd/day Horses= 10-14 gal/hd/day

2. Water Within The Feed Grains can range from 8% to 30% water Forages can range from 5% in a dry hay to more than 90% water in lush young grass

3. Metabolic Water Water produced by the body during chemical reactions 5-10% of total water intake

How is water lost from the animals body? Water Loss How is water lost from the animals body? Urine Feces Sweat Milk production

What happens if animals are deprived of water? Water Deficiencies What happens if animals are deprived of water? Reduced feed consumption Reduces amount of feed eaten by 27% Reduces feed efficiency by 33% Reduces weight gain by 50% Weight Loss Water Intoxication 4-5 days without water animal will drink up to 50% of body weight in ½ hour Death

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAUw9GO6tgE Questions? 4/25/2017

FEED CLASSIFICATIONS Roughages Concentrates Supplements 4/25/2017

ROUGHAGES High in fiber and relatively low in digestible nutrients Examples of roughages: Alfalfa Clover Soybean Oat hay Corn Silage 4/25/2017

Concentrates digestible nutrients Examples of concentrates: Corn Are low in fiber and high in digestible nutrients Examples of concentrates: Corn Cottonseed Barley Oats Sorghum 4/25/2017

Supplements with additional nutrients. iodine and iron Supplements are extras that supply the body with additional nutrients. Some supplements are minerals, salt, copper, iodine and iron Vitamin A and D are also very important to ruminant animals 4/25/2017 Salt Copper Iron