1 Measuring temperatures Actually measuring sensible heat transfer Actually measuring sensible heat transfer Can be measured as Kelvins, degrees Celsius, or degrees Fahrenheit Can be measured as Kelvins, degrees Celsius, or degrees Fahrenheit

2 Fahrenheit Developed in the early 1800’s by Daniel G. Fahrenheit Developed in the early 1800’s by Daniel G. Fahrenheit Coldest temperature measured was set to O°F Coldest temperature measured was set to O°F Approximate temperature of the human body was 100°F Approximate temperature of the human body was 100°F Melting point of ice became 32°F Melting point of ice became 32°F Boiling point of water became 212°f Boiling point of water became 212°f

3 Celsius Also developed in the early 1700’s this time by Anders Celsius Also developed in the early 1700’s this time by Anders Celsius Placed the freezing point of water at 0°C Placed the freezing point of water at 0°C Placed the boiling point of water at 100°C Placed the boiling point of water at 100°C

4 FAHRENHEIT TO CELSIUS AND VICE VERSA CELSIUS TO FAHRENHEIT CELSIUS TO FAHRENHEIT TAKE °C THEN MULTIPLY BY 1.8 AND ADD 32 TAKE °C THEN MULTIPLY BY 1.8 AND ADD 32 FAHRENHEIT TO CELSIUS FAHRENHEIT TO CELSIUS TAKE °F SUBTRACT 32 THEN DIVIDE BY 1.8 TAKE °F SUBTRACT 32 THEN DIVIDE BY 1.8

5 Temperature controls Latitude Latitude Altitude Altitude Cloud cover Cloud cover Land water heating differences Land water heating differences(Continentality) Localized Microscale – Environment Localized Microscale – Environment Prevailing Winds Prevailing Winds

6 Altitude Because of the temperature decrease with the normal lapse rate, temperatures will drop as you go up in elevation Because of the temperature decrease with the normal lapse rate, temperatures will drop as you go up in elevation Mountainous areas are therefore typically cooler than low-lying areas Mountainous areas are therefore typically cooler than low-lying areas Temperature ranges are usually higher for mountainous zones Temperature ranges are usually higher for mountainous zones

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8 Cloud cover Moderate temperatures Moderate temperatures Reduce the amount of insolation reaching the Earth’s surface Reduce the amount of insolation reaching the Earth’s surface Lowers daytime temperatures Lowers daytime temperatures KEEPS NIGHT TEMPERATURES MODERATE KEEPS NIGHT TEMPERATURES MODERATE Prevents longwave radiation from being lost to space Prevents longwave radiation from being lost to space

9 Land-water heating differences Land heats and cools faster than water Land heats and cools faster than water The main reasons relate to The main reasons relate to Evaporation Evaporation Transparency Transparency Specific heat Specific heat Movement Movement

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11 Continentality Index of Continentality Index of Continentality A = difference °C in warmest and coldest months, Ф = location’s latitude

12 Latent Heat flux Sensible Heat flux

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18 Extremes Extremes