Based on the picture and your readings, what conclusions can you draw? What are the people doing? Why do Muslims kneel, bow, and touch their foreheads to the ground when they pray?

 Islam’s most sacred sanctuary  Located in Makkah, Saudi Arabia  Muslims believe Abraham and his son Ishmael built it.  It contains the Black Stone, the cornerstone of the Kaaba  50’ high, 33’ wide, 40’ long  The outer black cloth contains verses from the Quran  Pilgrims walk around the track 7 times, reciting the Quran

 Built by Muslims in 691 C.E.  Muslims believe Muhammad ascended into Paradise from here  He returned to earth and brought Allah’s message to all people  Jews honor the site as the place where Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son, Isaac

Say O Muslims: We believe in God and that which is revealed unto us and that which was revealed unto Abraham, and Ishmael, and Isaac, and Jacob, and the tribes, and that which Moses and Jesus received, and that which the Prophets received from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and unto Him we have surrendered. 1.What does this Quran passage tell you about how Muslims view the teachings of the Hebrew prophets and Jesus? 2.How do Muslims view Jesus? 3.What is one belief that Muslims, Jews, and Christians share? They accept them As equals to the prophets Monotheistic; share some of the Prophets

The Arab Empire and Its Successors 500 C.E. 700 C.E.900 C.E C.E.1300 C.E. 570 C.E. Birth of Muhammad 680 C.E. Hussein leads revolt against Umayyad rule C.E. Umayyad Dynasty Abbasid Dynasty 1.Which Muslim dynasty was in power in 732 C.E. when Arab forces were defeated in Gaul, halting Arab expansion in Europe? 2. About how many years did the Abbasid Dynasty last? 3. Muslims split into 2 main sects (Sunni & Shiite) after a revolt led by Hussein in what year?

What activity brought prosperity to the Islamic world? What 3 cities were important trade centers? Where did the majority of the people live during the early stages of the Arab Empire?

Stearns, page 119; Glencoe, page How far north did the Islam empires spread? 2. How did the Arabs benefit from expansion?

What was the main effect of the Crusades?

Saladin ( )  Muslim leader  Established the Ayyubid Dynasty  Very devout  Legendary chivalry  Defeated Europeans in the 2 nd Crusade  Spared Jerusalem  Made Cairo a vibrant medieval city

 4 th Crusade sacked Constantinople and weakened the Byzantine Empire  Led to Anti-Semitism in Europe  Broke down feudalism  Lasting impact: bred centuries of distrust/enmity between Muslims and Christians

Hulegu (hoo-LAY-goo)  1258, Mongols seized Persia and Mesopotamia  Ended Abbasid Caliphate  Hulegu sacked Baghdad  Destroyed libraries, mosques, palaces

 Turkish slave-soldiers (Mamluks) stopped the Mongols at the Red Sea  Mongolians inter-married with local peoples  Mongolians converted to Islam and spread the religion throughout Asia/southern Europe  Mongolian conquest ended Baghdad’s leadership  Cairo became the new center of Islamic civilization

Ibn- Rushd – translated Aristotle’s works Spread the Indian # system with 0 Europeans mislabeled the system “Arabic” Developed Algebra

Knew the Earth was round Astrolabe = helped sailors determine location by studying the stars/planets Ibn Sina - wrote medical encyclopedia - “The” University medical textbook

Ibn Khaldun (14 th C) - Muslim historian - Civilizations rise/decay in cycles Omar Khayyam (12 th C) - Rubiyat - Arabian Nights

Allhambra Palace Granada, Spain Mosque of Cordoba, Spain