Electronic Structure

Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom

Orbital The space in which the electrons (e - ) are likely to be found Max 2 e - per orbital

Rule of Electron configuration Number: energy level (row #) Letter: energy sublevel (area) Superscript: # of e - in sublevel d electrons: 1 level < row # f electrons: 2 levels < row # Show all filled sublevels

Energy Levels Corresponds to row # Related to size

Energy Sublevels Corresponds to an area on the periodic table = nodes in orbitals s, p, d, f

s - electrons Columns 1A & 2A Spherical orbitals

p - electrons Col. 3A - 8A or Dumbbell shaped orbital 3 orbitals per sublevel 1 node

d - electrons Cols 3B - 2B or Transition area (2 nodes) Double dumbbell shaped 5 orbitals in sublevel

f - electrons Lower removed area Triple dumbbell shaped 7 orbitals per sublevel 3 nodes

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d

Ground State All electrons are in their lowest possible energy state

Excited State One or more electrons are not in their lowest possible energy state

Degenerate Orbitals Orbitals at the same energy level

List, describe, & identify the area of the Periodic Table for each type of orbital.

Write the ECs for: Ne Rb Tc As

Write the ECs for: Si Ag Br -1 Fe +2

Write the ECs for: Zn Au Al +3 Fe +3

Electron Dot Diagram Represents the valence electrons in an atom Maximum 4 pairs drawn on an imaginary square around the symbol

Valence Electrons Electrons in the outer most energy level Electrons involved in chemical reactions

Draw the electron configuration for Uranium

Octet Rule 8 electrons in the outer level is stable elements attempt to get eight electrons in their outer level

Column 1A 1s 1, 2s 1, 3s 1, etc Na

Column 2A 1s 2, 2s 2, 3s 2, etc Mg

Column 3A 2s 2 2p 1,3s 2 3p 1, etc Al

Column 4A 2s 2 2p 2, 3s 2 3p 2, etc C

Column 5A 2s 2 2p 3, 3s 2 3p 3, etc N

Column 6A 2s 2 2p 4 3s 2 3p 4, etc O

Column 7A 2s 2 2p 5 3s 2 3p 5, etc Cl

Column 8A 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6, etc Ne

EC for Transition El. 4s 2 3d 1 4s 2 3d 6 4s 2 3d 2 4s 2 3d 7 4s 2 3d 3 4s 2 3d 8 4s 1 3d 5 4s 1 3d 10 4s 2 3d 5 4s 2 3d 10

Chromium & Copper Are Kinky

Transition Dot Diagrams Kinky ones have a single All the rest have a pair

Inner Transition Dot Diagrams All have a pair

HW: Problems 53 – 56 on page 171

Write ECs & EDDs for: S -16Cu -29 Sb -51Ca

Quantum Numbers A more complete description of the electrons in an atom

Quantum Numbers n : Energy level(Row) l : Energy Sublevel m or m l : Orientation s or m s : Spin

Quantum Numbers n : Size l : Shape or nodes m or m l : Orientation s or m s : Spin

Quantum Numbers n : 1 ---> 7 l : 0 ---> ( n - 1) m : - l ---> + l s : + 1/2 or -1/2

Quantum Numbers Go from the lowest to highest possibilities: Start n with 1, start l with 0, etc.

Quantum Numbers H: (1,0,0,1/2) n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s = 1/2 He: (1,0,0,-1/2) etc

Drill: Predict EC, QN & EDD for: Pb-82 Gd-64

Give QN, & EDD: Te-52I-53 Fe-26V-23 Pu-94Al-13 Sb-51Au-79

Oxidation State The charge or apparent charge of an element Oxidation numbers

Negative Ox # Always = column # - 8 Exceptions: only in apparent charges: peroxides, hydrocarbons

Positive Ox # = column # = unpaired electrons = s e - ---> s + d e - Apparent: singles & pairs

Drill: Determine EC, EDD, QN, Ox # of: Ba-56Pt-78 Cl-17Tb-65

Wave Formula v or c =  f c = speed of light = wavelength or f = frequency

Calculate the wavelength of your favorite radio station FM in MHz AM in kHz

Plank’s Formula E = hf = hc/ E = energy h = Plank’s Constant

Calculate the energy of a photon from your favorite radio station:

Calculate the energy of uv light at 221 nm:

DeBroglie’s Formula = h/mv

Calculate the wavelength of a 221 g baseball thrown at 15 m/s:

Calculate the energy and mass of a photon of IR light at  m:

Spectrum The unique set of waves absorbed or emitted by a substance

Absorption Spectrum The unique set of wavelengths absorbed by a substance Atomic Absorption Sp

Emission Spectrum The unique set of wavelengths emitted by a substance Atomic Emission Sp

Atomic Absorption Spectrum Dark-line Spectrum

Atomic Emission Spectrum Bright-line Spectrum

Spectroscopy The study of a substance under continuous excitation energy

Determine the electron configuration (EC) for each of the following: Mg, Sn, P, K, Cl, & V

Determine the EC for each of the following: Zr, He, Eu, Cr, U

Determine the EC for each of the following: Br -1, Kr, & Sr +2

Determine the electron dot diagram (EDD) for each of the following: Mg, Sn, P, K, Cl, & V

Determine the EC & EDD for each of the following: He, Mn, Eu, Cr, U

Determine the quantum numbers (QN) for each of the following: He, Mn, Eu, Cr, U

Determine the EC, EDD, & QN for each of the following: Mg, Sn, P, K, Cl, & V

Determine the oxidation state (OS) for each of the following: Mg, Sn, N, K, Cl, & V

Determine the EC, EDD, QN, & OS for elements: 21, 14, 29, & 64

With a UV,visible,IR spectrophotometer waves at 221 nm, 663 nm, & 2.21  m were detected when element X was excited. Calculate the energy differences among levels 1, 2, 3, & 4.

Excited sodium emits red light at 663 nm. Determine EC, EDD, QN, OS, & the energy of the light wave.

Chapter 3 General Define all the Key Terms on page 168

Wave Energies Work problems: on page 169

EC Work problems: on page 170

Quantum Numbers Work problems: on page 170