Second Industrial Revolution: la belle époque European History

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Science Triumphs: “Second” IR SIGNIFICANCE: 1) Impact of ideas and products wide spread 2) Optimism in human progress 3) Science = only way to truth New Products Steel Chemicals Electricity Petroleum

Steel = lighter, smaller, faster machines, engines, ships, railways, and weapons By 1910 America = #1 producer, Germany #2, GB #3

Chemicals France & Germany in lead Alkalies & artificial dyes revolutionize soap, textile, paper industries Photographic plates and film Chemical fertilizers

Electricity Thermodynamics Sig: impacts heat, light, motion & communication Michael Faraday – electromagnetism (electric engine) Thomas Edison (AM) & Joseph Swan (GB) - electric lighting Alexander Graham Bell (AM) – telephone, 1876 Guglielmo Marconi – radio waves across Atlantic, 1901 Electric Streetcar – Berlin, 1879 Factories – conveyor belts, cranes, machines

Petroleum Internal combustion engine, 1878 (gas & air) Gottlieb Daimler, 1886 – light engine Automobile – 1900=9000 cars; 1916=750,000 Henry Ford (AM) & mass production 1900 Zeppelin airship 1903 Wright Brothers WWI = boom in aircraft industry 1919 = 1st commercial aircraft

New Markets Increase in population growth Increase in wages (up 2/3) Decrease in price of food and manufactured products Gives rise to mass marketing & department stores (pg. 654) Macy’s, NYC 1908 Bon Marche, Paris 1867

Tariffs & Cartels (pg. 653) Protective tariffs: What & why? Cartels: What & why?

Larger Factories Cartels = need for larger, more efficient factories (1000+ employees) Germany 205,000 (1882) to 879,000 (1907) Also GB, France & Belgium Streamline production – use of electric machines, precision tools & assembly line

Industrial Leadership GB passes the Industrial baton to _____________? Why? (pg. 654-655)

Economic Zones by 1900 Industrialized Zone = GB, Belgium, Germany, France, Netherlands, Austro-Hungarian Empire (West), Italy (North) High standard of living, education, healthier, system of transportation Agricultural Zone = Italy (south), Austro-Hungarian Empire (East), Spain, Portugal, Balkan kingdoms, Russia Providers of raw materials and food Decline in price of food makes farming difficult – large farms develop By 1870 Russia and Japan begin industrialization World economy = interdependency of goods & products